Empress Zhang (Liu Shan's second wife)
Empress Zhang (fl.221 – 264), personal name unknown, was the last empress of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. She was a daughter of the Shu general Zhang Fei, and was a younger sister of Empress Jing'ai. In 237, she became an Imperial Consort (Chinese: 貴人; pinyin: guìrén) of the Shu emperor Liu Shan. She became empress in February 238, succeeding her elder sister, who had died in the previous year.[1]
| Empress Zhang 張皇后 | |
|---|---|
| Empress consort of Shu Han | |
| Tenure | February 238 – December 263 |
| Predecessor | Empress Jing'ai |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | Unknown |
| Spouse | Liu Shan |
| Father | Zhang Fei |
| Mother | Unknown[lower-alpha 1] |
Life
Empress Zhang's father was the famous general Zhang Fei. She was the sister of Empress Jing'ai and Zhang Bao. She was brought to the harem in 237 as an honourable lady; in February 238, with Liu Shan making arrangements within the family including declaring his heir, she succeeded her late sister, with Xiang Lang sent to bestow the seal of office.
In 249, following Sima Yi's coup d'etat against Cao Shuang, a fellow regent of Cao Wei, Sima Yi recalled Xiahou Ba and famed relative Xiahou Xuan to the capital while sending Ba's rival Guo Huai to become commander in the west. While Xiahou Xuan accepted the orders, Xiahou Ba fled to Shu-Han despite his father's death fighting Shu-Han.[2] With Ba badly injured in Hanzhong, Liu Shan sought to smooth potential tensions by pointing to a son (unclear which one) of Xiahou maternal blood to show they were kin and treated Xiahou Ba generously.[3]
In 264, after Shu Han was conquered by the rival state of Cao Wei, Empress Zhang accompanied Liu Shan and her entire family to the Wei capital Luoyang.[4]
In popular culture
Empress Zhang is first introduced as a playable character in the fifth instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. She was omitted from 6, but was reintroduced in 7 and has been present since. She is given the fictional name "Xingcai" (星彩) in the games. Although there is no mention of her sister throughout the series, the Scholar Quiz of Dynasty Warriors 7 confirms that Xingcai is the second empress of Liu Shan.
Notes
References
- Sanguozhi vol. 34.
- 及司馬宣王誅曹爽，遂召玄，玄來東。霸聞曹爽被誅而玄又徵，以為禍必轉相及，心既內恐；又霸先與雍州刺史郭淮不和，而淮代玄為征西，霸尤不安，故遂奔蜀。Weilue in Sanguozhi vol.9.
- 及霸入蜀，禪與相見，釋之曰：「卿父自遇害於行閒耳，非我先人之手刃也。」指其兒子以示之曰：「此夏侯氏之甥也。」厚加爵寵. Weilue in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- (後主張皇后，前後敬哀之妹也。建興十五年，入為貴人。延熙元年春正月，策曰：「朕統承大業，君臨天下，奉郊廟社稷。今以貴人為皇后，使行丞相事左將軍向朗持節授璽綬。勉脩中饋，恪肅禋祀，皇后其敬之哉！」咸熙元年，隨後主遷於洛陽。) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell. Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999.