Xu Shouhui

Xu Shouhui (simplified Chinese: 徐寿辉; traditional Chinese: 徐壽輝; pinyin: Xú Shòuhuī; Wade–Giles: Hsü Shou-hui) (1320–1360) was a 14th-century Chinese rebel leader who proclaimed himself emperor of the Tianwan (天完) dynasty during the late Yuan dynasty period of China. He was also known as Xu Zhenyi (徐真一 or 徐真逸, romanized in Wade–Giles as Hsü Chen-i).

In this Chinese name, the family name is Xu.
Xu Shouhui
徐壽輝
Emperor of Tianwan
Reign1351–1360
Born1320
Yuan Yanyou 7
(元延祐七年)
Shangwubao, Duoyun Township, Luotian County, Henan Jiangbei Province
Died1360 (aged 39–40)
Tianwan Tianding 2
(天完天定二年)
Yuan Zhizheng 20
(元至正二十年)
Caishi, Taiping Lu, Jiangzhe Province
Names
Xu Shouhui
(徐壽輝)
Era dates
  • Zhiping (治平): 1351–1355
  • Taiping (太平): 1356–1358
  • Tianqi (天啟): 1358–1359
  • Tianding (天定): 1359–1360
Posthumous name
Emperor Yingtian Qiyun Xianwu
(應天啟運獻武皇帝) (conferred by Ming Yuzhen)
Temple name
Shizong (世宗) (conferred by Ming Yuzhen)
DynastySong (Tianwan)
Rebels and warlords at the end of Yuan Dynasty, including the location of Xu Shouhui's force.

Born in Luotian (羅田, now in Hubei), Xu was a cloth vendor by profession.

Emperor

In August 1351, he worked with others in Qízhōu (蘄州) to establish the rebel army of Red Turbans under the pretense of the Buddhist White Lotus Society. In the following months of the Red Turban Rebellion, they captured Qishui (蘄水) and made it the command centre of the Red Turbans and the capital of the newly declared Empire of Tianwan (天完), originally called Song (宋)[1] with himself as the emperor with the era name of "Zhiping" (治平).

The number of his supporters increased rapidly as he claimed to be Maitreya Buddha (彌勒佛下生) who sought to "destroy the rich to benefit the poor" (摧富益貧). In 1352, he invaded more of Hebei, and moved on to take Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hunan.

After being temporarily defeated by the army of the Yuan dynasty, he fled to Huangmei Mountain (黃梅山), but returned in 1355 to invade once again and move the capital to Hanyang District.

Five years later in 1360, Xu Shouhui was assassinated by his former ally, Chen Youliang, thus causing the collapse of the Tianwan Empire.

See also

References
  1. Chan, Hok-Lam. “The ‘Song’ Dynasty Legacy: Symbolism and Legitimation from Han Liner to Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 68, no. 1 (2008): 91–133. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40213653.
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