Old Yatung

Old Yatung (Chinese: 老亚东; pinyin: Lǎo Yàdōng), originally just "Yatung", with a native Tibetan spelling of Nyatong[1] or Myatong,[2] is a location 2 miles west of Rinchengang in the lower Chumbi Valley in the present day Yadong County of Tibet.[2] It is in the valley of Yatung Chu, the river that flows down from Jelep La to join the Amo Chu river near Rinchengang.[3][4][5] But according to travel writer John Easton, Yatung is actually a hill top location adjoining the valley, which has a historic Kagyu monastery. The monastery itself lies along the route from the Nathu La pass via Champithang.[6]

Map of Chumbi Valley in 1898, showing Yatung west of Rinchengang. (The red line shows the route allowed for British Indian traders before the Younghusband Expedition.)

Yatung entered history as the location offered by China for a trade mart of British India in the 1893 trade regulations. After the 1904 Younghusband Expedition, the British founded a new town at the confluence of Kangphu Chu and Tromo Chu rivers (the two headwaters of Amo Chu) and named this town "Yatung". It was to become a trading center and the eventual headquarters of the Yadong County. The original Yatung has been subsequently referred to as "Old Yatung".[7]

Name

According to a historical dictionary, the name "Yatung" (simplified Chinese: 亚东; traditional Chinese: 亞東; pinyin: Yàdōng; Wade–Giles: Ya-tung) is the Chinese rendering of a Tibetan place name meaning "nasal bridge mountain".[8] The dictionary does not state the original Tibetan name, but the Japanese monk Ekai Kawaguchi states it as "Nyatong".[1] (Some other British sources mention it as "Myatong".)[2] Tibetologist L. Austine Waddell spells it as "Na-dong", and states that it means "the ear".[9]

Geography
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Old Yatung sites
The Tibetan fortification at Yatung

The Yatung ("nasal bridge") mountain is on the west bank of the Amo Chu river between the Chema and Rinchengang in the Chumbi Valley (or Yadong County). The track to the Nathu La pass runs on the southern shoulder of the mountain, passing by a Kagyu monastery. This location is the original "Yatung" according to travel writer John Easton.[6]

To the south of the Yatung mountain flows the Yatung Chu river, originating below the Jelep La pass and joining Amo Chu near Rinchengang. The valley of Yatung Chu is more commonly associated with the locations of "Yatng".[3][4][5] A Pasha gompa (Buddhist temple) was located in its valley below the Kagyu monastery, but is said to have been abandoned in 1888, and later moved to the precincts of the Kagyu monastery.[10]

A little upstream from the Pasgha gompa in the Yatung Chu valley was a customs house run by the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, which often employed Englishmen as commissioners.[11] Its first Commissioner in 1894 was F. E. Taylor,[12] but, during the Younghusband Expedition, a certain Captain Parr was apparently posted to handle the encounter.[11] Indian traders were only allowed to come up to this point. So the customs house also had some overnight halting facilities.[3] All these locations were associated with the name "Yatung".

Upstream from the customs house is the confluence of a stream called Champi Chu that flows down from the Nathu La pass. While the route to Nathu La was on the mountain shoulder above Champi Chu, the route to Jelep La was in theh narrow valley of Yatung Chu. It was described as being steep and slippery.[13] The route from Nathu La was considered superior as it ran on the shoulder of the mountain, but the Tibetans only allowed trade through Jelep La until later British pressure in the 20th century.

History

In the 1893 trade regulations, China agreed to the British India setting up a trade mart at "Yatung", which was located near the Chinese customs house. Though sources occasionally allude to a "Yatung village", there was in fact none.[14]

References
  1. Kawaguchi, Three Years in Tibet (1909), p. 643: "Miss [Annie R.] Taylor returned with the object of converting the Tibetan people, and now lives at the town of Nyatong, which by some is called Yatung."
  2. Paget, Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India, Vol. IV (1907), p. 60.
  3. Letter from C. J. White dated Yatung, 9 June 1894 in Papers Relating to Tibet (1904), pp. 28–29
  4. Fader, Called from Obscurity (2002), p. 43: "It [Rinchengang] was a large village located along the main valley river, the Amo Chu (...), at the Amo's confluence with the river Yatung."
  5. Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa (1905), p. 31: "At Rinchengong, a mile beyond the barrier, the Yatung stream flows into the Ammo Chu."
  6. Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet (1928), pp. 47–48: [Marching from Champithang] for nearly two hours we marched ..., until we came to Old Yatung, perched on the buttress that divides the valley of the Amo Chu.... Yatung, to them [the local Tibetans], is merely a monastery, where the lamas live and the prayer flags flap.
  7. Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet (1928), p. 48.
  8. "老亚东". Retrieved 25 March 2021. 亚东，系用汉字译写的藏语地名，意为"鼻梁山"。为藏语所称"卓木"地域，而现统称亚东地域中的一小村名。 [Yadong is a transliteration using Chinese characters of a Tibetan-language place name meaning "nasal bridge mountain", the name of a small village located in the region known as "Chomo" in Tibetan and now collectively known as Yadong.]
  9. Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries (1905), p. 81.
  10. 西藏亚东噶举寺 (Yadong Kagyu Monastery, Tibet), www.guang5.com, 7 October 2012.
  11. Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa (1961), pp. 113–114.
  12. Zhang, Yong-pan, "From Phari to Kalimpong:Yatung Customs Making and Modern Tibetan Border Trade in the Late Qing Dynasty", CNKi, retrieved 2 April 2021
  13. Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa (1961), p. 113: "[Jelep La] was undefended, and this was fortunate for the expedition [...] slithered down the far side where, after the leading troops had trampled the snow, the track, 'as steep as the side of a house, became a regular slide, as slippery as glass.... I believe [wrote an officer afterwards] there was not a single load that was not thrown at least once."
  14. Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa (1905), p. 31: "The Customs House, the missionary house, and the houses of the clerks and servants of the Customs and of the headman, form a little block. Beyond it there is a quarter of a mile of barren stony ground, and then the wall with military pretensions."

Bibliography
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