Yellapragada Subbarow

Yellapragada Subbarow[lower-alpha 1] (12 January 1895 – 8 August 1948) was a pioneering Indian biochemist who discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source in the cell,[1] developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer and led the department at Lederle laboratories in which Benjamin Minge Duggar discovered chlortetracycline in 1945.

Yellapragada Subbarow
Commemorative postage stamp celebrating the birth centenary of Dr. Subbarow (anglicized version of Subba Rao)
Born(1895-01-12)12 January 1895
Bhimavaram, Madras Presidency, British India
(now in Andhra Pradesh, India)
Died8 August 1948(1948-08-08) (aged 53)
New York City, United States
NationalityIndian
Alma materHarvard Medical School
Madras Medical College
Known forDiscovering the role of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate in muscular activity;
synthesis of folic acid;
synthesis of methotrexate;
discovery of diethylcarbamazine
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
InstitutionsLederle Laboratories, a division of American Cyanamid (Acquired by Wyeth in 1994, now Pfizer)

A student of Madras Medical College, his elder brother and younger brother both died due to tropical sprue in the span of 8 days. He subsequently discovered folic acid as a cure for tropical sprue. He discovered methotrexate, a chemotherapy drug still used today and also used for rheumatoid arthritis, and diethylcarbamazine (DEC), the only effective drug for treating filariasis. Most of his career was spent in the United States. Despite his isolation of ATP, Subbarow did not gain tenure at Harvard University[2][3] though he would lead some of America's most important medical research during World War II. He is also credited with the first synthesis of the chemical compounds folic acid and methotrexate.

Early life and education

He was born in Bhimavaram, Madras Presidency, now in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh in India. He passed through a traumatic period in his schooling at Rajahmundry (due to the premature death of close relatives by disease) and eventually matriculated in his third attempt from the Hindu High School, Madras. He passed the Intermediate Examination from the Presidency College and entered the Madras Medical College where his education was supported by friends and Kasturi Suryanarayana Murthy, whose daughter he later married.

Following Gandhi's call to boycott British goods he started wearing khadi surgical dress; this incurred the displeasure of M. C. Bradfield, his surgery professor. Consequently, though he did well in his written papers, he was awarded the lesser LMS certificate and not a full MBBS degree. Subbarow tried to enter the Madras Medical Service without success. He then took up a job as Lecturer in Anatomy at Dr. Lakshmipathi's Ayurvedic College at Madras. He was fascinated by the healing powers of Ayurvedic medicines and began to engage in research to put Ayurveda on a modern footing. The promise of support from Malladi Satyalingam Naicker Charities in Kakinada, and financial assistance raised by his father-in-law, enabled Subbarow to proceed to the U.S. He arrived in Boston on 26 October 1922.

Career

After earning a diploma from the Harvard Medical School he joined Harvard as a junior faculty member. With Cyrus Fiske, he developed a method for the estimation of phosphorus in body fluids and tissues called the Fiske-Subbarow Method.[4] He also discovered the role of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscular activity, which earned him an entry into biochemistry textbooks in the 1930s.[5] He obtained his Ph.D. degree the same year. He joined Lederle Laboratories, a division of American Cyanamid (now a division of Wyeth which is owned by Pfizer), after he failed to gain a regular faculty position at Harvard.

At Lederle, he developed a method to synthesize folic acid, Vitamin B9,[6] based on work by Lucy Wills to isolate folic acid as a protective agent against anemia. After his work on folic acid and with considerable input from Dr. Sidney Farber, he developed the important anti-cancer drug methotrexate – one of the first cancer chemotherapy agents and still in widespread clinical use.[7][8][9] Subbarow also discovered the basis for the anthelmintic diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan), which was later recommended by the World Health Organization as a treatment for filariasis.[10]

Under Subbarow, Benjamin Duggar made his discovery of the world's first tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline, in 1945. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The medicine was first used at the Harlem Hospital in New York and it found good success. Ironically enough, the medicine looked so promising that some people decided to break into the Boston medicine warehouse and steal it.[11][12]

Death

Subbarow died on 8 August 1948 in the New York due to cardiac arrest.[13][14]

Legacy

A contemporary of Subbarow, Cyrus H. Fiske, suppressed and destroyed many of his important works out of envy. Subbarow's colleague, George Hitchings admitted, "Some of the nucleotides isolated by Subbarow had to be rediscovered years later by other workers because Fiske, apparently out of jealousy, did not let Subbarow's contributions see the light of the day."[15] A fungus genus has been named Subbaromyces in his honour.[16][17] There is also a species of jumping spider (Family Salticidae) from genus Tanzania named in his honor (Tanzania yellapragadai).[18] Writing in the April 1950 issue of Argosy, Doron K. Antrim observed,[19] "You've probably never heard of Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow. Yet because he lived, you may be alive and are well today. Because he lived, you may live longer."[20]

Currently a street is named after him in his hometown Bhimavaram.

Notes
  1. Alternatively spelled as SubbaRow, Subbarao or Subba Rao.

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yellapragada Subbarao.
  1. Maruyama, Koscak (1 March 1991). "The discovery of adenosine triphosphate and the establishment of its structure". Journal of the History of Biology. 24 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1007/BF00130477. S2CID 87425890.
  2. Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2010). The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. Simon and Schuster. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4391-0795-9. Retrieved 6 September 2011. Quote: "Any one of these achievements should have been enough to guarantee him a professorship at Harvard. But Subbarao was a foreigner, a reclusive, nocturnal, heavily accented vegetarian who lived in a one-room apartment downtown, befriended only by other nocturnal recluses"
  3. Pushpa Mitra Bhargava (2001). "History of Medicine: Dr. Yellapragada Subba (1895–1948) – He Transformed Science; Changed Lives" (PDF). Journal of the Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 2 (1, 2): 96_100.
  4. Fiske, Cyrus H.; Subbarao, Yellapragada (December 1925). "The Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 66 (2): 375–400. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)84756-1.
  5. Fiske, C. H.; Subbarao, Y. (18 October 1929). "Phosphorus Compounds of Muscle and Liver". Science. 70 (1816): 381–382. Bibcode:1929Sci....70..381F. doi:10.1126/science.70.1816.381-a. PMID 17756191.
  6. Farber, S; Cutler, EC; Hawkins, JW; Harrison, JH; Peirce Ec, 2nd; Lenz, GG (1947). "The Action of Pteroylglutamic Conjugates on Man". Science. 106 (2764): 619–21. Bibcode:1947Sci...106..619F. doi:10.1126/science.106.2764.619. PMID 17831847.
  7. Farber et al.'s article, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1946, noted Dr Subbarao's work as a foundation for this landmark paper. The paper remains one of the earliest top-cited research articles and is a classic in the field of medicine.
  8. Farber, S; Diamond, LK; Mercer, RD; Sylvester, RF, Jr.; Wolff, JA (1948). "Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin)". N. Engl. J. Med. 238 (23): 787–93. doi:10.1056/NEJM194806032382301. PMID 18860765.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Miller, DR (2006). "A tribute to Sidney Farber-- the father of modern chemotherapy". British Journal of Haematology. 134 (1): 20–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06119.x. PMID 16803563. S2CID 45434777.
  10. World Health Organization. (2002). Report of the second meeting of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva
  11. Kumar, Anu (3 September 2021). "Remembering the forgotten Indian biochemist who made pioneering contributions to cancer treatment". scroll.in. Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  12. Jukes, Thomas H. Some historical notes on chlortetracycline. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 7(5):702-707 (1985).
  13. Yellapragada SubbaRao Archives OnLine. ysubbarao.info
  14. Jadia, Varun (6 October 2016) Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao Revolutionised the Field of Medicine. The Better India.
  15. Discoverer of miracle medicines – Y. Subba Rao (1895–1948). The Hindu (2003-03-13)
  16. MycoBank, retrieved 26 December 2015
  17. Hesseltine, C.W. (1953), "Study of Trickling Filter Fungi", Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 80 (6): 507–514, doi:10.2307/2481965, JSTOR 2481965 page 511
  18. Prajapati, Dhruv A.; Dudhatra, Ashutosh V. (3 October 2022). "First record of the spider genus Tanzania Koçak & Kemal, 2008 from Asia, with the description of a new species (Araneae: Salticidae)". Revue suisse de Zoologie. 129 (2). doi:10.35929/RSZ.0082. ISSN 0035-418X.
  19. "Miracle man of miracle drugs: Dr Yellapragada SubbaRao". Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  20. Kapur, S. & Gupta, S. P. K. (1998). "Dr. Yellapragada SubbaRao (1895–1948): The man and the method". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 36 (11): 1087–92. PMID 10085777.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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