Yongli
Yongli (5 February 1647 – 1 June 1662) was the era name of the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming. It was used for a total of 15 years.
Yongli | |||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 永曆 | ||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 永历 | ||||||||||||
Literal meaning | "perpetual calendar" | ||||||||||||
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The Southern Ming was in use for fifteen years in mainland China, together with the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, which continued to use the "Yongli" era name until 8 October 1683 (Yongli 37, 18th day of the 8th month), when Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing.[1]
On 22 January 1662 (Yongli 15, 3rd day of the 12th month), the Burmese sent the Yongli Emperor to Wu Sangui's camp.[2] On 1 June 1662 (Yongli 15, 15th day of the 4th month), the Yongli Emperor was hanged by Wu Sangui in Kunming, the Southern Ming officially perished, together with the 295-year history of the Ming dynasty, and officially ending nearly three hundred years of Ming rule.
Comparison table
Yongli | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | 1647 | 1648 | 1649 | 1650 | 1651 | 1652 | 1653 | 1654 | 1655 | 1656 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Dīnghài 丁亥 | Wùzǐ 戊子 | Jǐchǒu 己丑 | Gēngyín 庚寅 | Xīnmǎo 辛卯 | Rénchén 壬辰 | Guǐsì 癸巳 | Jiǎwǔ 甲午 | Yǐwèi 乙未 | Bǐngshēn 丙申 |
Yongli | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
AD | 1657 | 1658 | 1659 | 1660 | 1661 | 1662 | 1663 | 1664 | 1665 | 1666 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Dīngyǒu 丁酉 | Wùxū 戊戌 | Jǐhài 己亥 | Gēngzǐ 庚子 | Xīnchǒu 辛丑 | Rényín 壬寅 | Guǐmǎo 癸卯 | Jiǎchén 甲辰 | Yǐsì 乙巳 | Bǐngwǔ 丙午 |
Yongli | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
AD | 1667 | 1668 | 1669 | 1670 | 1671 | 1672 | 1673 | 1674 | 1675 | 1676 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Dīngwèi 丁未 | Wùshēn 戊申 | Jǐyǒu 己酉 | Gēngxū 庚戌 | Xīnhài 辛亥 | Rénzǐ 壬子 | Guǐchǒu 癸丑 | Jiǎyín 甲寅 | Yǐmǎo 乙卯 | Bǐngchén 丙辰 |
Yongli | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | |||
AD | 1677 | 1678 | 1679 | 1680 | 1681 | 1682 | 1683 | |||
Gānzhī 干支 |
Dīngsì 丁巳 | Wùwǔ 戊午 | Jǐwèi 己未 | Gēngshēn 庚申 | Xīnyǒu 辛酉 | Rénxū 壬戌 | Guǐhài 癸亥 |
Other regime eras that existed during the same period
- China
- Dingwu (定武, 1646–1664): Southern Ming — era name of Zhu Benli (Zhu Danji), Prince of Han (doubtful)
- Dongwu (東武, 1648): Southern Ming — era name of Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai
- Shunzhi (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty — era name of the Shunzhi Emperor
- Kangxi (康熙, 1662–1722): Qing dynasty — era name of the Kangxi Emperor
- Zhongxing (中興, 1647): Qing period — era name of the Jiang Erxun (蔣爾恂)
- Tianzheng (天正, 1648): Qing period — era name of Zhang Jintang (張近堂)
- Tianshun (天順, 1661): Qing period — era name of Xiao Weitang (蕭惟堂)
- Daqing (大慶, 1665): Qing period — era name of Wang Yaozu (王耀祖)
- Guangde (廣德, 1673): Qing period — era name of Yang Qilong (楊起隆)
- Zhaowu (昭武, 1678): Wu Zhou — era name of Wu Sangui
- Honghua (洪化, 1679–1681): Wu Zhou — era name of Wu Shifan
- Vietnam
- Thuận Đức (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Kính Vũ
- Phúc Thái (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Chân Tông
- Khánh Đức (慶德, 1649–1653): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Thịnh Đức (盛德, 1653–1658): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Vĩnh Thọ (永壽, 1658–1662): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Vạn Khánh (萬慶, 1662): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Cảnh Trị (景治, 1663–1671): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Huyền Tông
- Dương Đức (陽德, 1672–1674): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Gia Tông
- Đức Nguyên (德元, 1674–1675): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Gia Tông
- Vĩnh Trị (永治, 1676–1680): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Hy Tông
- Chính Hòa (正和, 1680–1705): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Hy Tông
- Japan
- Shōhō (正保, 1644–1648): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō
- Keian (慶安, 1648–1652): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō
- Jōō (承応, 1652–1655): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō and Emperor Go-Sai
- Meireki (明暦, 1655–1658): era name of Emperor Go-Sai
- Manji (万治, 1658–1661): era name of Emperor Go-Sai
- Kanbun (寛文, 1661–1673): era name of Emperor Go-Sai and Emperor Reigen
- Enpō (延宝, 1673–1681): era name of Emperor Reigen
- Tenna (天和, 1681–1684): era name of Emperor Reigen
References
- Qian Haiyue (錢海岳). History of Southern Ming (南明史), Biographies, Volume 51 (Zheng Sen chuan; 鄭森傳), p. 3585
- Qian Haiyue (錢海岳). History of Southern Ming (南明史), Annals, Volume 4, Zhaozong 2, p. 250-252
Extended reading
- Li Chongzhi (李崇智) (December 2004). Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao (中國歷代年號考). Beijing (北京): Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局). ISBN 7101025129.
- Deng Hongbo (鄧洪波) (March 2005). Chronology of East Asian history (東亞歷史年表). Taipei (臺北): National Taiwan University, Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures (國立臺灣大學東亞經典與文化研究計劃). ISBN 9789860005189. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2021-11-26.