Yoruba women's clothing

The main components of Yoruba women’s clothing are:

• Iro ati Buba: This consists of a loose-fitting blouse that covers the upper body and a large wrapper that is wrapped around the waist and covers the lower body. It can be made from the same fabric as the top to bottom or a different one each for the Iro ati buba parts. The buba can have different necklines, sleeves, embroidery and embellishments, depending on the occasion and the wearer’s taste. The iro can have different lengths, widths, and patterns, depending on the occasion and the wearer’s taste. Iro ati Buba can be made from various fabrics, such as Aso oke, Adire, Aran, Seghosen, Jawu, Silk, lace, or Damask. Iro ati Buba is most times paired with Gele and Ipele. Iro can also be worn without Buba as an outfit on its own, with the other components of Yoruba attire.[1][2]
• Gele: an elaborate Yoruba cultural head-tie that is wrapped around the head in various styles. It can be made from stiff or soft fabrics, such as aso-oke, damask, adire or ankara. The gele can have different colors, shapes, and decorations, depending on the occasion and the wearer’s taste.[3]
• Ipele: a shawl that is draped over the shoulder or around the waist. It can be made from the same fabric as the gele or a different one. The ipele can have different sizes, fringes, and embroidery, depending on the occasion and the wearer’s taste.[4]
• Komole: This is a long gown fashioned after the Iro ati Buba. The Komole dress can have different necklines, sleeves, embroidery and embellishments, depending on the occasion and the wearer’s taste. It is popular as Wedding wear for Yoruba brides[5]
• Oleku: This is a short knee length Iro ati Buba style or dress. It is not as long as typical Iro ati Buba attire.[6]
• Aso Ebi: A matching wear that is worn to events by family and friends. It is a series of stylish dresses worn by the brides friends, bridesmaids and wedding guests. It has elements of the komole.[7]
• Beads and Accessories: Yoruba women also adorn themselves with various beads, jewelry, and accessories, each of carry cultural significance. These includes beads like Iyun, Akun, Ileke, Ileke idi, Eyin erin, Segi, Opoto, Ikan. Also Wura (Gold) and Fadaka (Silver).[8]
• Hairstyles: Yoruba Women's hairstyles can also be considered part of Yoruba clothing. Yoruba hairstyles include braiding and threading styles done since ancient times. These are used to beautify Yoruba womens hair when the Gele is not on or is taken off. Yoruba women's hairstyles are used in daily life, festivals and by performers.[9]

Yoruba clothing is made from both indigenous Yoruba made fabrics and some imported fabrics which has become a staple in Yoruba culture. Some of the common fabrics used for making Yoruba women’s clothing are:

• Aso-oke: a hand-woven cloth of the Yoruba People. It is considered the most prestigious of traditional fabrics in Nigeria and is worn to special occasions such as weddings, festivals, and coronations. Aso-oke comes in three main types based on their colors: etu (deep blue with thin light blue stripes), sanyan (beige silk from the cocoons of the Anaphe moth), and alaari (magenta waste silk). Aso-oke can also have various colour patterns, designs and motifs woven into it, such as stripes, checks, flowers, animals, or geometric shapes.[10]
• Adire: a Yoruba tie-dyed or resist-dyed fabric that is made by applying wax or starch to certain parts of the cloth before dyeing it. Adire can be made from various fabrics, such as cotton, silk, or rayon. Adire has three main different types by the methods: Adire Eleko, Adire Oniko and Adire Alabere. Adire can have various patterns and colors, such as indigo blue, black, brown, green, or white.[11]
• Aran: It is made with velvet material and is a traditional attire in Yorubaland for special occasions.[12]
• Seghosen: Seghosen clothing is Yoruba clothing from Owo Kingdom made from cotton fabric that is dyed with natural or synthetic dyes. The fabric is then decorated with intricate patterns and motifs that are either woven, embroidered, or appliqued.[13]
• Jawu : A cloth of the Yoruba people made with Stylistic cut outs in it.
  

  Yoruba Komole attire with Jawu bust
• Ankara: a printed cotton fabric that originated from Indonesia but became popular in West Africa due to its colorful and vibrant patterns. Ankara is also known as Dutch wax, African wax, or African print. Ankara can have various themes and symbols printed on it, such as flowers, animals, stars, or abstract shapes.
• Lace: a delicate fabric made from yarn or thread that is looped, twisted, or knotted to create intricate patterns. Lace can be made from various materials, such as cotton, silk, nylon, or polyester. Lace can have various styles and designs, such as guipure, brocade, or sequin.
• Damask : a woven fabric that has complex patterns incorporated into it during the weaving process. Damask can be made from various materials, such as cotton, silk, wool, or synthetic fibers. Damask can have various colors and textures, such as shiny, matte, smooth, or rough.

Yoruba women’s clothing is not only a form of dressing but also a form of expression and identity. The clothing reflects the personality, mood, taste, and creativity of the wearer. The clothing also conveys messages about the social status, marital status, age group, religious affiliation, and cultural affiliation of the wearer. Yoruba women’s clothing is also influenced by the history and culture of the Yoruba people. The clothing reflects the traditions, values, and beliefs of the Yoruba people.[14]

• The use of aso-oke dates back to the ancient times in Yorubaland, when it was worn by the Yoruba kingdoms, such as Oyo, Ife, and Ijebu.
• The use of adire dates back to the ancient times, when it was used by the Yoruba people for ritual and ceremonial purposes. The Yoruba people developed various techniques and methods of dyeing, such as shibori, and eleko.
• Aran has created in Yorubaland centuries ago.
• Seghosen dates back to the ancient Yoruba kingdom of Owo.
• Aso Olona dates back to the ancient Yoruba kingdoms of Ijebu-Ode.
• The use of ankara dates back to the colonial era, when it was introduced by Dutch traders and missionaries who brought it from Indonesia. The Yoruba people adapted it to their own tastes and preferences, creating unique and diverse patterns and styles.
• The use of lace dates back to the post-colonial era, when it was imported from Europe and Asia.

Yoruba women’s clothing is also an impactful part of the Nigerian culture and the African culture. The clothing showcases the diversity, beauty, and richness of Yoruba people and by extention the African continent and its people. The clothing also inspires and influences other forms of art and expression, such as music, dance, literature, and cinema. For example:

• The clothing is often featured in Nigerian movies, especially in Nollywood, the Nigerian film industry. The clothing is used to portray different characters, settings, themes, and genres of movies.
• The clothing is often worn by Nigerian musicians, especially in Afrobeats, a Nigerian music genre. The clothing is used to express different moods, messages, styles, and genres of music.
• The clothing is often celebrated in Nigerian literature, especially in novels, poems, and essays. The clothing is used to describe different scenes, emotions, personalities, and stories.
• The clothing is often admired by Nigerian dancers, especially in traditional dances. The clothing is used to enhance different movements, rhythms, gestures, and expressions.

Yoruba women’s garments have evolved over centuries, adapting to changes in fashion, lifestyle, and societal norms.[15]