Chizhi Shizhu Hou

In 184, Qiangqu sent Yufuluo to assist the Han in fighting the Yellow Turban Rebellion.[1]

After Qiangqu's death in 188, the Han court attempted to appoint the Western Tuqi Prince Yufuluo[2] as chanyu, instead of using the traditional Xiongnu election system. The southern Xiongnu dissented and elected a lawful alternate leader of the Xubu line. Later they expelled Yufuluo, who fled to the Han imperial court. When the marquis of Xubu died the next year an elderly king became the nominal head of state without the title of chanyu and the Southern Xiongnu ceased to exist as a coherent entity.[3]

Yufuluo fled to the Han court but found no support after the death of Emperor Ling of Han in 189. He became a wandering mercenary, working under the Yellow Turbans, Yuan Shao, and the Heishan bandits of Zhang Yan. After suffering several defeats to Cao Cao, Yufuluo relocated to Pingyang County close to the Fen River. He died in 195 and his remaining followers joined his brother Huchuquan.[1]

Yufuluo's son was Liu Bao, who in 216, was appointed by the Han Chancellor, Cao Cao to supervise the Southern Xiongnu in Shanxi. Yufuluo's grandson Liu Yuan went on to found the state of Han-Zhao in 304, one of the first states of the Sixteen Kingdoms.[1] However, some modern Chinese scholars doubt Liu Bao and Liu Yuan's lineage to Yufuluo, believing that the Lius were actually members of the non-related Tuge tribe (屠各部), but had fabricated their lineage to Yufuluo to increase their legitimacy as descendants of the Southern Xiongnu chanyus and the Han dynasty (due to the marriage of Modu Chanyu to a Han princess).[4][5]

• Brother
  • Huchuquan
• Son
  • Liu Bao

• Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

• Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
• Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, p. 146, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950 (Qian Han Shu Ch. 94b)
• Chang, Chun-shu (2007), The Rise of the Chinese Empire 1, The University of Michigan Press
• Chen, Yong (2007), The Failure of the Superintendence of Qubei and the Rise of Liu Bao of the Tuge
• Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002), Ancient China and Its Enemies, Cambridge University Press
• Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill
• Loewe, Michael (2000), A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods, Brill
• Tang, Changru (2010), Miscellaneous Studies on Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties History, Commercial Press, ISBN 9787100074513
• Taskin B.S., "Materials on Sünnu history", Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian)
• Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History, Writers Club Press