ZX Spectrum graphic modes

The original ZX Spectrum computer outputs video through an RF modulator and was designed for use with contemporary 1980s television sets, for a simple colour graphic display.

ZX Spectrum screen showing the available colours

The image resolution is 256×192 with colour limitations.[1][2] To conserve memory, colour is stored separate from the pixel bitmap in a low resolution, 32×24 grid overlay, corresponding to text character cells. In practice, this means that all pixels of an 8x8 character block share one foreground colour and one background colour. [3]

Since the machine was designed for usage with a standard TV, the 256x192 pixel area is surrounded by a border. This is due to the fact that the machine needs to output a television compatible signal, and to avoid part of the image being cropped due to overscan. Usually the border area assumes a single color, but using software tricks it is possible to display some low resolution graphics there.[4]

The ZX Spectrum is generally considered to have limited graphical capabilities in comparison to some other home computers of the same era such as the Commodore 64, largely due to its lack of a dedicated graphics chip. Nevertheless, throughout its commercial life and later activity on the demoscene, various techniques have been developed to provide (or emulate) improvements to the Spectrum's graphical output.

Colour palette

The ZX Spectrum (and compatibles) computers uses a variation of the 4-bit RGBI palette philosophy (also used on CGA, Thomson MO5, Sharp MZ-800, Mattel Aquarius, etc.) resulting in 8 basic colours with brightness variations.[5]

This results in each of the colours of the 3-bit palette having a basic and bright variant, with the exception of black.[5] The bright half of the palette is generated using the video displays' maximum voltage levels for each of the three Red, Green and Blue (RGB) components that a colour uses. The basic half of the palette is displayed by simply reducing these voltages (with actual values varying between machine models).[6]

In the ZX Spectrum encoding the colour components are in GRB (Green, Red and Blue) order (from most to least significant bit) rather than the more common RGB order. The GRB order has the advantage that the colour numbers become ordered by increasing luminance, so if viewed on black-and-white display the ordered sequence 0 to 7 would form a gradient from black to white. Specifically, blue has a binary weight of 1, red has a weight of 2, and green has a weight of 4. As with any binary number, these weights add up to produce a single decimal number that matches the displayed colour, the effect of which can be seen in the table below (pay special attention to the "binary value" column).

For any value of n from 0 to 7, the following Sinclair BASIC commands can be used to set or alter the screen's colours:[5]

  • BORDER n, the colour for surrounding area outside the main bitmap.
  • PAPER n, the background (pixel bit value of 0) colour for the colour cell to be altered.
  • INK n, the foreground (pixel bit value of 1) colour for the colour cell to be altered.

Furthermore, the BRIGHT command can be used to change the setting of the PAPER and INK commands' "bright" flag (the I in RGBI), giving them access to the entire 15-colour palette. Settings of "0" and "1" turn bright mode off and on (respectively). Since only one bit within a colour attribute byte is used to select the brightness for both foreground and background colours in a colour cell, it is not possible to select both bright and basic colour modes in the same colour cell. The BORDER command does not use a bright flag, thus only the eight basic colours are supported.

Counting from least to most significant bit, an attribute byte dedicates three bits for the foreground colour, three bits for the background colour, one bit for the bright flag, and one bit for the flashing effect (which causes the video display to alternate foreground and background colours periodically).[5]

Colour
number		 Binary value Colour
name		 Binary value Colour
name
G R B I G R B I
0 0 0 0 0 #000 Black 0 0 0 1 #000 Black
1 0 0 1 0 #00E Blue 0 0 1 1 #00F Bright Blue
2 0 1 0 0 #E00 Red 0 1 0 1 #F00 Bright Red
3 0 1 1 0 #E0E Magenta 0 1 1 1 #F0F Bright Magenta
4 1 0 0 0 #0E0 Green 1 0 0 1 #0F0 Bright Green
5 1 0 1 0 #0EE Cyan 1 0 1 1 #0FF Bright Cyan
6 1 1 0 0 #EE0 Yellow 1 1 0 1 #FF0 Bright Yellow
7 1 1 1 0 #EEE White 1 1 1 1 #FFF Bright White
  • Some ZX Spectrum clones or NTSC machines might display "bright black" as dark gray.
  • Colours simulated as sRGB assume non-bright as 85% voltage (0.55 V) and bright as 100% (0.65 V).[6] Each ZX Spectrum model used different voltages for colours, so the values here are only indicative. sRGB values shown are an approximation taking into account PAL gamma. Nevertheless viewing on an actual PAL CRT display would give slightly different results, due to variations on analog hardware setup and components. (Related talk pertaining to the acceptability of some dim values that look faint, especially in the late approximation in question.)


Dither and Contrast
ZX Spectrum standard palette with 8x8 ordered dithering.
Standard ZX Spectrum palette with dithering, in pixel art

This quite short colour palette has urged the graphic artists (e.g. at ZX-Art) to resort to various dithering techniques; the simplest of which employs ordered patterns, as shown exhaustively in the opposite chart. Dithering also works very well with the original Composite video connection to an analog PAL TV, generating colour mixing along horizontal pixel lines.

Because all colours have full saturation and minimal brightness variations, some combinations have very poor contrast. This can be used to improve the dithering effect mentioned above (making the dither patterns less obvious), but also limits the usage of coloured background in games (character sprites can become hard to see due to low contrast). The table below shows this problem - for example, a white game character over a yellow background is almost invisible.

Colour contrast chart (good for flashing colours)
0,00,00 0,00,01 0,00,02 0,00,03 0,00,04 0,00,05 0,00,06 0,00,07
0,01,00 0,01,01 0,01,02 0,01,03 0,01,04 0,01,05 0,01,06 0,01,07
0,02,00 0,02,01 0,02,02 0,02,03 0,02,04 0,02,05 0,02,06 0,02,07
0,03,00 0,03,01 0,03,02 0,03,03 0,03,04 0,03,05 0,03,06 0,03,07
0,04,00 0,04,01 0,04,02 0,04,03 0,04,04 0,04,05 0,04,06 0,04,07
0,05,00 0,05,01 0,05,02 0,05,03 0,05,04 0,05,05 0,05,06 0,05,07
0,06,00 0,06,01 0,06,02 0,06,03 0,06,04 0,06,05 0,06,06 0,06,07
0,07,00 0,07,01 0,07,02 0,07,03 0,07,04 0,07,05 0,07,06 0,07,07
1,00,00 1,00,01 1,00,02 1,00,03 1,00,04 1,00,05 1,00,06 1,00,07
1,01,00 1,01,01 1,01,02 1,01,03 1,01,04 1,01,05 1,01,06 1,01,07
1,02,00 1,02,01 1,02,02 1,02,03 1,02,04 1,02,05 1,02,06 1,02,07
1,03,00 1,03,01 1,03,02 1,03,03 1,03,04 1,03,05 1,03,06 1,03,07
1,04,00 1,04,01 1,04,02 1,04,03 1,04,04 1,04,05 1,04,06 1,04,07
1,05,00 1,05,01 1,05,02 1,05,03 1,05,04 1,05,05 1,05,06 1,05,07
1,06,00 1,06,01 1,06,02(from 1677216) 1,06,03 1,06,04 1,06,05 1,06,06 1,06,07
1,07,00 1,07,01 1,07,02 1,07,03 1,07,04 1,07,05 1,07,06 1,07,07

Standard mode

Hardware implementation
Standard ZX Spectrum screen, with attribute blocks clearly visible

The original ZX Spectrum has a screen resolution of 256×192 pixels.[7][8] Colour information is overlaid onto this as a grid of 8×8 pixel regions known as attribute blocks;[9][10] within each attribute block, only two colours may be used out of a palette of 8 (black, blue, red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow and white). Additionally, the entire attribute block may be designated as 'bright', resulting in a total of 15 possible colours (black has no bright variation). In all cases, colours are fully saturated. In many programs this limitation was evident as attribute clash. A screen in this mode occupies 6.75 KB.

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 24
Colours: 15 (counting non-bright and bright)
Machine: All

Actual resolution over composite video connections
Real ZX Spectrum picture taken using composite output, showing horizontal blurring and unintentional color artifacts.
Simulated TV blur ~128×192 ZX Spectrum screen. Some dither patterns intentionally blur generating new colors (ex: orange, grey, etc).

Due to the limitations of the original Composite video connection to an analogue PAL TV, adjacent pixels were in fact blurred out horizontally. The resulting resolution depended on the quality of the TV set and on the colour combinations used by each particular image, but on most cases was similar to ~128x192.

This effect was used to increase the number of displayed colours on screen by almost all of the graphic designers, using dithering techniques. Close to a total of 64 colours become possible this way. Some emulators provide some sort of "blur" filter that tries to simulate this effect.[11]

Details:
Pixels: ~128 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 24
Colours: ~128 (considering dither and bright/non bright colour variations)
Machine: All, using composite video or RF connection to an analog TV

Monochrome TVs and monitors
ZX Spectrum on a monochrome display

By using a monochrome monitor or black and white TV (or reducing the colour settings of a colour TV), it is possible to take advantage of the differences in intensity over the Spectrum's colour range to generate a 15-shade grayscale image at 256×192 resolution.

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 24
Colours: 15 grayscale
Machine: All, using a monochrome display

Hicolour (8x1 attributes)

Hardware implementation
Hicolour ZX Spectrum screen

Several third-party Spectrum clones, including the Timex Sinclair machines,[12][13] the Pentagon, the eLeMeNt ZX, and the MB03+ Ultimate interface support a screen mode in which attribute blocks are 8×1 pixels in size rather than the usual 8×8.[14][15] A screen in this mode takes 12 KB RAM. In the case of the Timex, this mode is activated through the command OUT 255,2.[12] At least one editor for Timex machines supports this mode.[16] In addition, this screen mode can be generated through the use of the MB-02 disk system's DMA hardware[17] (where the technique is known as Multitech[18]), and is also available as Mode 2 (with a linear byte order) on the SAM Coupé.[19]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 192
Colours: 15
Machine: Timex Sinclair models, Pentagon, eLeMeNt ZX, SAM Coupé
Interface: MB03+ Ultimate

"8x1" attributes

On other Spectrum models, this effect can be replicated by exploiting the fact that the ULA re-reads the attribute information on every pixel row when generating the video output; it is possible to write a new value to the relevant memory location in between successive lines, and thus cause a different pair of colours to be shown. However, the Spectrum's processor is not fast enough to write to an entire row of attribute bytes in one scanline, so 8×1 attributes can only be achieved over 20 columns.[20] This technique is variously known as Hicolour, Multicolour, FLI, BIFROST*2 "SuperColour",[21] "Rainbow Generator" or Rainbow Processor[22] mode.[15]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 192 (limited to a 18x192 area)
Colours: 15
Machine: All (with specific code tailored for each machine's timings)

"8x2" attributes
ZX Spectrum "8x2" attributes display

A variation on this method is to change the row of attributes over the course of two scanlines, resulting in 8×2 pixel attribute blocks over a wider region of the screen. This mode is known as Bicolour, and can be applied to the full width of the screen through the use of the Nirvana+ engine.[23][24]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 96
Colours: 15
Machine: All (with specific code tailored for each machine's timings)

"4x1" attributes
4×1-attribute ZX Spectrum screen

A special case involves alternating between the two available colours per attribute cell for 4 pixels each, allowing each 4×1 region to be treated as an independently colourable 'pixel' (although the limitation of one brightness level per 8×1 cell is still in effect).

Details:(from 1677216)
Pixels: 64 × 192
Attributes: 64 × 192
Colours: 15
Machine: All (with specific code tailored for each machine's timings)

Again, a 4x2 variant of this mode can be applied to a wider region of the screen. And a 4x4 variant can be achieved on 128K machines by timed switches between the two video RAMs (rather than re-writing the attribute data), to display the upper half of the character cells from one screen and the lower half from the other.

ULAplus
ULAplus ZX Spectrum screen

ULAplus is compatible with the standard ZX Spectrum and Timex modes, and adds the ability to redefining of the palette.[25] If only used to slight modify the basic 16 colours, ULAplus software can be displayed on a standard Spectrum. Use of the full 64 colours is incompatible, as it will trigger the "flash" attributes of the original Spectrum.[26] Amiga HAM inspired modes are also possible (HAM256 and HAM8x1), displaying up to 256 colors on screen.[27][28][29][30]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192; 512 x 192 (Timex hires mode)
Attributes: 32 × 24; 32 x 192 (Timex 8x1 attribute mode)
Colours: 2 from 256 (Timex hires mode), 64 from 256; 256 (HAM256 and HAM8x1 modes)
Machine: ZX Spectrum SE, ZX-Uno, Chloe 280SE,[31] Chloe 140SE,[31] eLeMeNt ZX, zx128u+[31]
Interface: MB03+ Ultimate

Interlace/Switched modes
Simulated interlaced ZX Spectrum image on a CRT screen

By alternating between two screens on every frame interrupt (50 Hz), it is theoretically possible to simulate a doubling of the vertical display resolution from 192 to 384 lines.

The Timex clones and ZX Spectrum 128K implement a 'shadow' screen area which can be switched into place through the use of a single OUT command, and this is often utilised to rapidly switch between two images for this purpose (although this can also be achieved with a standard block copy, albeit not over the entire screen).

When viewed on a CRT television screen (the standard at the time), the flicker is less noticeable than on a modern monitor. And example image is linked here (warning: the linked image flickers very rapidly, which could potentially cause seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy).

Interlaced highres monochrome ZX Spectrum image. Real picture taken from a Sinclair ZX Spectrum +3 using composite output and a PCI capture card.

The technique does not in fact achieve a true interlaced display, as the Spectrum lacks the ability to synchronise with the display hardware at such a low level. On a CRT television screen, the effect is more akin to anti-aliasing, with certain pixels appearing at half intensity.[15][32]

On modern LCD TVs, capture cards, or other devices that convert the original analog signal into digital (thus partially ignoring the original timing signals), this mode can be interpreted as true interlace, as shown on the image featuring a cat, at the right.

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 384
Attributes: 32 × 24
Colours: 15

GigaScreen
GigaScreen ZX Spectrum screen

The attributes (colours) of an image are alternated at 50 Hz on the screen,[33] taking advantage of the PAL colour system encoding for mixing. This way, the palette is increased to approximately 36 colours.[34] It's possible to switch screen per scanline and thus mix the screens, but this is very CPU intensive and needs exact and steady timings.

For Pentagon machines, a hardware modification is available which directly combines the two alternate screen areas into the video signal, thus eliminating the flicker associated with this method. The MB03+ Ultimate interface and the eLeMeNt ZX computer can display three hardware modes of non-flickering GigaScreen (mixed video RAMs, mixed video frames and autodetection mode) in 256 x 192 and 512 x 192 resolutions.

Furthermore, the gigascreen and hicolour techniques may be employed together to produce even richer-coloured images; this format has been named DithVIDE and BZither, both names referring to the dithering methods employed when converting true-colour images to the format.

Yet with real tstate precise software its possible to simulate a gigascreen on an 128k "toastrack" original 128k ZX Spectrum Gigascreen Simulator example


Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 × 24
Colours: ~36
Machine: All (with flickering)
Hardware GigaScreen: Pentagon, eLeMeNt ZX, MB03+ Ultimate (no flickering)

KeyLayer

The MB03+ Ultimate interface and the eLeMeNt ZX computer provide this graphic mode which allows to display image data from the second video RAM at the place of one selected colour in the video RAM no.1. This adds a third colour to an attribute.

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192, 512 x 192
Attributes: 32 × 24, 64 x 48, 3 colours per cell
Colours: 15
Machine: eLeMeNt ZX
Interface: MB03+ Ultimate

3colour / Multichrome / RGB-3 / Interchrome
3colour ZX Spectrum screen

Three separate images, comprising a red, green and blue layer, are displayed on the screen rapidly, one after the other, relying on persistence of vision effects to merge the three layers into a single coloured image.[35] The result is an 8-colour image where each pixel may be coloured independently.[36][37]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 256 × 192
Colours: 8
Machine: All

Compatible machines and interfaces

Later ZX Spectrum compatible machines offered extra video modes. These are based on the standard 256x192 mode but incompatible with the original Spectrum.[15] Also interfaces, the Spectra interface and the MB03+ Ultimate interface extend the Spectrum’s display to support more colours or/and extra video modes.

16c
ATM Turbo / Pentagon 16 color mode

Video mode where each pixel can have of 16 colours.[38]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 16
Machine: ATM Turbo, Pentagon

256×192x16

A Sam Coupé mode, where each pixel can one of 16 colours from a 128 colour palette.[15]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 16 (from 128) per line
Machine: Sam Coupé

384x304x16

A mode supported by the Pentagon computer.[39]

Details:
Pixels: 384 x 304
Attributes: 48 × 38
Colours: 16
Machine: Pentagon

HAM256
ULAplus HAM256 mode.
Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: 32 x 192
Colours: 32 per line (from 256)
Machine: ZX Spectrum SE, ZX-Uno

HGFX Graphics

The eLeMeNt ZX computer and the MB03+ interface provide a planar-based 256*192 and 512*192 resolutions.[40] The HGFX consists of ZX-screen compatible (non-linear, but also linear) 8 layers-bitplanes to achieve 256 colours both in LowRes and HiRes modes. It occupies only part of the memory, similar to the ZX-screen memory, has own internal buffers and can be combined with the original ZX-graphics, in a so-called transparency mode.[41] The HGFX provides a 24bit true-colour palette (HiRes indeXedColour compatible) with a 256 indexed colours. HGFX screen data can be also operated also in "chunky" mode and displayed in HAM (Amiga-like) and FILL (Apple2GS -like) modes.

The HGFX is based on a more powerful HGFX/Q system, which was originally expandable in a border area to 320*240 or 640*240.[42]

Details:
Pixels: 256 x 192 and 512 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 256 (from 1677216)
Machine: MB03+ Ultimate, eLeMeNt ZX

Layer 2
Details:
Pixels: 320 x 256 (256 colours) and 640 x 256 (16 colours)
Attributes: none, no limitations
Machine: ZX Spectrum Next[43]

Radastan

This mode displays 128x96 double sized pixels. Each pixel holds one of sixteen colours, with no attribute limitations. Pixels are stored in linear buffer as 4-bit nibbles (i.e. 2 pixels per byte). The buffer is 6144 bytes long and occupies same memory as 256x192 pixel screen.

Details:
Pixels: 128 x 96
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 16 (from 256)
Machine: ZX-Uno

Spectra (+128)

The Spectra has 31 display formats. These allow up to 64 unique colours to be shown simultaneously, and at a variety of colour resolutions, with attribute heights of 1, 2, 4 and 8 pixels, and widths of 4 and 8 pixels.[44]

Hi-resolution modes
512 × 192 monochrome screen

512×192x2

This mode was mainly used to display 64×24 or 85×24 columns text screen and originally only Timex Sinclair computers and some Russian clones[45] can display it. Two graphics editors ("Draw 512"[46] and "Tech-Draw"[47]) support this mode,[48][49] along with BASIC64 and some CP/M implementations.[15] It also takes 12 KB RAM.

Details:
Pixels: 512 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 2 (Four palettes: Black & White, Blue & Yellow, Red & Cyan, Magenta & Green)
Machine: Timex Sinclair, ZX-Uno, MB03+ Ultimate, eLeMeNt ZX, Pentagon

512×192x4

The Sam Coupé has this mode, where each pixel can use one of 4 colours from palette of 128.[15]

Details:
Pixels: 512 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
colours: 4 (from 128) per line
Machine: Sam Coupé

512x384x2

A mode supported by the Pentagon computer.[39]

Details:
Pixels: 512 × 384
Colours: monochrome
Machine: Pentagon, Timex Sinclair 2128 (TC 2048 based modification)

HiRes Colour

Pixels are stored in a linear order. Attributes are doubled in the vertical direction, the composition of the attribute is identical to the original ZX Spectrum mode. HiRes indeXedColour can choose 32 colours from 16777216 colours. Two video RAMs can be mixed in both Colour and indeXedColour modes through the Keylayer.

Details:
Pixels: 512 x 192
Attributes: 64 x 48
Colours: 16 (or 32 indexed, from 1677216)
Machine: MB03+ Ultimate, eLeMeNt ZX

Emulated

256×192, 256 colours, "256 colour mode", no attributes

The SPEC256,[50][51][52] EmuZWin[53][50][54][55][52] and Es.pectrum[56] emulators have a screen mode 256×192 pixels where each pixel can be in one of 256 colours.[15] This is achieved by extending the word size of the emulated Z80 from 8 bits to 64, making eight bits of data available for each pixel; the screen thus takes 48 KB of memory. This mode only exists on the emulator and software graphics must be modified to use it.[53]

Details:
Pixels: 256 × 192
Attributes: none, no limitations
Colours: 256

ULAX

The ZX ULAX emulator provides a 15-bit high colour mode.[57]

References
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