Zangilan

Zangilan[lower-alpha 1] (Azerbaijani: Zəngilan, pronounced [zænɟiˈlɑn] ⓘ; Armenian: Կովսական, romanized: Kovsakan) is a city in Azerbaijan and the administrative centre of the Zangilan District. It is situated along the Voghji (Okhchuchay) river.

For the nearby village with this name, see Zangilan (village).
"Zangelan" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Zangelan, Iran.
Zangilan
Zəngilan
From top left:
Zangilan is located in Azerbaijan
Zangilan
Zangilan
Zangilan is located in East Zangezur Economic Region
Zangilan
Zangilan
Coordinates: 39°05′14.0″N 46°39′04.3″E
Country Azerbaijan
DistrictZangilan
Population
 (2015)[1]
 • Total500
Time zoneUTC+4 (UTC)

Etymology

According to the Armenian historian Hovhannes Gharagyozian, the town's historical name of Pirchivan, which it held until 1957 when it was renamed to Zangilan, originates from the settlement of Ashtarak mentioned by Stepanos Orbelian in his list of villages in the Kovsakan county of Syunik. The word ‘Ashtarak’ is seen as a synonym for ‘burj’ (tower/fortress) in the Armenian language. The name of the settlement next to the fortress comes from the joining of the words “Burj” + the Armenian suffix “-avan” (settlement). Thus creating “Burgi avan>Burjevan>Brjevan,” which was transformed into Pirchivan under Turkic phonetic influence.[2]

History

Soviet-Armenian historian Suren Yeremian states that the area of present-day Zangilan was part of the Kovsakan gavar (county) of the Syunik province within the Kingdom of Armenia.[3] According to Armenian historian Konstantin Khudaverdyan, the area that would become Pirchivan was originally an Armenian settlement named Verjnavan (Armenian: Վերջնավան).[4] In the 14th century, Verjnavan was mentioned as being a part of the Kovsakan gavar of the province of Syunik, during the period of Mongol Armenia.[5]

After the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the nineteenth century, Zangilan (then called Pirchivan) became part of the Zangezur Uyezd of the Russian Empire's Elisabethpol Governorate. According to 1886 census data, there were 50 homes and 211 Azerbaijanis (classified as "Tatars" in the census) of the Shiite branch of Islam in Pirchivan.[6] According to the 1912 Caucasian Calendar, the village of Zangilan was home to 762 people, the majority of whom were Azerbaijanis (classified as "Tatars" in the census).[7]

Pirchivan I and Pirchivan II were part of the village council of the same name in the Zangilan District of the Azerbaijan SSR during the early Soviet period in 1933. Pirchivan I was the administrative centre of the district, with 574 residents and 95 farms, while Pirchivan II had 148 residents and 35 farms. The village council's population, which also included the villages of Genlik, Malatkeşin, and Tağlı, was 98.7 percent Azerbaijani.[8]

Pirchivan was classified as an urban-type settlement and renamed Zangilan by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 August 1957. It was given city status in 1967. The city had a railway station on the Baku-Nakhchivan branch line, three schools, a music school, two public libraries, a cultural centre, a movie theatre, and a hospital.[9][10] The population was 6,968 people according to the Soviet Census of 1989.[11]

During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War on 29 October 1993, Armenian forces occupied the village, forcing the Azerbaijani population to flee.[12] It was later incorporated into the breakaway Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province, where it was known as Kovsakan (Armenian: Կովսական). Following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, Armenian refugees from Syria, mostly farmers, settled in the city.[13][14][15] Azerbaijan described the settlement of Syrian Armenians on its internationally recognised territory as a violation of international law that impended the peace process.[16]

Azerbaijan recaptured the city on 20 October 2020, during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.[17] On 23 December 2020, President Ilham Aliyev raised the Azerbaijani flag in the city.[18]

Historical heritage sites

Among the historical heritage sites in and around the city is the "Imam Huseyn" mosque, built between the 17th and 18th centuries.[19]

Demographics
Year Population Ethnic composition Source
1886 211 100% Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) Transcaucasian Statistical Committee[6]
1911 762 Mainly Tatars Caucasian Calendar[7]
1939 1,103 83% Azerbaijanis, 10.1% Russians, 4.9% Armenians Soviet Census[20]
1959 2,980 98.3% Azerbaijanis, 0.8% Russians, 0.2% Armenians Soviet Census[21]
1970 4,103 98.6% Azerbaijanis, 0.7% Russians, 0.3% Armenians Soviet Census[22]
1979 5,012 96.1% Azerbaijanis, 3.6% Russians, 0.1% Armenians Soviet Census[23]
1989 6,968 Soviet Census[11]
1991 ~7,200 Great Encyclopedic Dictionary[24]
29 October 1993: Occupation of Zangilan. Expulsion of Azerbaijani population
2015 500 ~100% Armenians NKR estimate[1]

References
  1. Also anglicized as Zangelan
  1. "Urban communities of the NKR" (PDF). stat-nkr.am. National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. 1 January 2015. p. 13.
  2. Karapetyan, Samvel (2001). Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh (PDF). Vol. 3. "Gitutiun" Publishing House of NAS RA. p. 195. ISBN 9785808004689.
  3. Hewsen, Robert (1992). The Geography of Ananias of Sirak (Asxarhacoyc): The Long and the Short Recensions. Wiesbaden: Reichert. p. 193. OCLC 643843083.
  4. Khudaverdyan, Konstantin (1996). Haykakan Hartsʻ Hanragitaran [Armenian Question Encyclopedia] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 156. OCLC 44627480.
  5. Matthews, Thomas F.; Sanjian, Avedis Krikor; Orna, Mary Virginia; Russel, James R. (1990). Armenian Gospel Iconography: The Tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks: Trustees for Harvard University. p. 19. ISBN 9780884021834.
  6. Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказскаго края, извлеченных из посемейных списков 1886 г. Tiflis: Transcaucasian Statistical Committee. 1893. p. 255.
  7. Кавказский календарь на 1912 год [Caucasian calendar for 1912] (in Russian) (67th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1912. p. 155. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  8. Административное деление АССР [Administrative divisions of the ASSR] (in Russian). AzUNKHU. 1933. p. 101.
  9. "ЗӘНҜИЛАН". Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Baku. 1980. p. 317.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. "Зангелан" [Zangelan]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. Moscow. 1972. p. 329.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г." www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  12. "Tarixi". Azərbaycan Respublikası Zəngilan Rayon İcra Hakimiyyəti (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  13. "Armenia: Syrian Refugees Resettling in Occupied Azerbaijani Territory". EurasiaNet. 28 January 2013.
  14. "Syrian-Armenians in NKR benefit from AGBU agricultural program". Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  15. "Armenia: refugees in the military". Deutsche Welle.
  16. Ghazaryan, Hayk; Sultanova, Shahla. "Карабах может стать второй родиной для сирийских армян". Institute for War and Peace Reporting (in Russian). Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  17. "President Ilham Aliyev: Zangilan city and 6 villages of the district, 18 villages of Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Khojavand districts liberated". mod.gov.az. 20 October 2020.
  18. "Ilham Aliyev and First Lady Mehriban Aliyeva visited Gubadli and Zangilan districts". president.az. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  19. "Bir "Cəngi"lik Zəngilan vüsalı". Ministry of Culture (in Azerbaijani). 22 October 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  20. "Этнокавказ. Национальный состав населения Зангеланского района по переписи 1939 года".
  21. "Этнокавказ. Национальный состав населения Зангеланского района по переписи 1959 года".
  22. "Этнокавказ. Национальный состав населения Зангеланского района по переписи 1970 года".
  23. "Этнокавказ. Национальный состав населения Зангеланского района по переписи 1979 года".
  24. "ЗАНГЕЛАН" [ZANGELAN]. Great Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow. 2000.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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