Zeezrom

According to the Book of Mormon, Zeezrom (/ziˈɛzrəm/)[1] was an ancient American lawyer (one who is expert in the Nephite law)[2]: 800  who, through deceit and money, sought to gain power among the Nephites through his vocation as a lawyer. Alma the Younger and his missionary companion Amulek taught Zeezrom in Ammonihah. At first he resisted but was ultimately converted to the Nephite religion.[3]

Narrative in the Book of Mormon
George Reynolds, The Story of the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City: Jos. Hyrum Parry, 1888), 157
Zeezrom was cast from the city before the other believers were killed. Image by John Held Sr. from George Reynolds's The Story of the Book of Mormon (1888)

Zeezrom lives in the land of Ammonihah, whose inhabitants participate in wicked deeds. Alma and Amulek try to preach to the people of Ammonihah, but they are countered by Zeezrom. With 42 days' wages (six onties),[2]: 800  [4]: 342  Zeezrom attempts to bribe Amulek to deny the existence of a God. Among other things, Zeezrom and other lawyers try to convince the people that Alma and Amulek are criticizing the law. The missionaries' words confound him and eventually he is convinced of his misdeeds. Now on the missionaries' side, he attempts to revoke his words; displeased, the people of Ammonihah chase him out of the city with stones [5]: 393  before burning the other believers who were converted while listening to the missionaries. [2]: 801  He later leaves the practice of law, becoming missionary companions with Alma, Amulek, and others.

Interpretation

Law in Ammonihah

In the introduction of a book discussing Book of Mormon theology, Latter-day Saint editors Matthew Bowman and Rosemary Demos conclude that the deceptive behavior of Ammonihah's lawyers was connected with the city's poor political and social systems.[6] [4] Judges were paid per case and thus tended to encourage conflict among the people, another religious scholar, Reverend Dr. Fatimah Salleh, says.[7] The chief cases the record describes involved debt,[8] though, according to History and Religious Studies professor Grant Hardy, the judges handled a variety of situations.[4]: 341 

Protestant and theologist John Thomas also points out that the people were influenced by the philosophies of Nehor,[9] a man who thought that fame and money took precedence over honesty. While the missionaries discouraged these philosophies, Zeezrom accused them of rejecting the city's actual laws; there is no evidence in the record that his accusations were founded or correct. [10][4]

Conversion

In an article for Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Pennsylvania State sociology professor Robert Couch draws upon the work of other researchers in discussing the sophist, or introspective-resistant, ways of Ammonihah's lawyers; in contrast, Alma and Amulek were able to help Zeezrom reflect and recognize his mistakes.[11] Matthew Scott Stenson, a literature professor at Tennessee Tech University, says that the citizens' weakness was rooted in arrogance.[12]

Because the Ammonihahites were angry with Zeezrom for believing the missionaries' words, he sought refuge in Sidom with others who had been driven from Ammonihah. While there, Zeezrom fell deathly ill. The Book of Mormon account attributes the cause to the intense guilt he felt about his past,[13] while Thomas came to the same conclusion when he read the story.[9] Further, Hardy calls it a "psychosomatic illness"[4]: 355  caused by his shame.

Missionary Efforts

Zeezrom became a very active missionary. He taught in the land of Melek and joined Alma on his mission to the Zoramites in Antionum.[2]: 801  In later times he was held up as one of the key spreaders of the Nephite religion along with Alma and Amulek.

City of Zeezrom

The Lamanites captured the City of Zeezrom in the land of Manti[5]: 394  around 66 B.C.,[2]: 801  which was during the years-long war between the Nephites and Lamanites. It took the Nephites five years to handle the invasion,[5]: 223  but the Book of Mormon Reference Guide states that the city may have eventually been deserted by the Lamanites.[2]: 801 

References
  1. churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide" (retrieved 2012-02-25), IPA-ified from «zē-ĕz´rum»
  2. Largey, Dennis L., ed. (2003). The Book of Mormon Reference Companion. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57345-231-9.
  3. Alma 8-15
  4. Hardy, Grant (2023). The Annotated Book of Mormon. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 340–342. ISBN 978-0-19-008220-8.
  5. Bingman, Margaret (1978). Encyclopedia of the Book of Mormon. United States of America: Library of Congress CIP. ISBN 0-8309-0199-X.
  6. Bowman, Matthew; Demos, Rosemary, eds. (2018). A Preparatory Redemption: Reading Alma 12-13. Provo, Utah, USA: Neal A. Maxwell Institute. pp. vii–ix. ISBN 978-0-8425-3025-5.
  7. Salleh, Fatimah (2022). The Book of Mormon: For the Least of These VOLUME 2 MOSIAH – ALMA. USA: BBC Press. p. 173.
  8. Alma 11:1
  9. Thomas, John Christopher (2016). A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction. Cleveland, Tennessee, USA: CPT Press. pp. 93–94.
  10. Alma 14:2
  11. Couch, Stephen Robert (2020). "On Zeezrom's Conversion: Rationality, Tradition, and Money". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 29: 134–35 – via Atla Religion Database.
  12. Stenson, Matthew Scott (2016). "Answering for His Order: Alma's Clash with the Nehors". BYU Studies Quarterly. 55 (2): 142 – via ScholarsArchive.
  13. Alma 15:3
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