Zhi Yao
Zhi Yao (Chinese: 知瑤), Xun Yao (Chinese: 荀瑤), or Zhi Boyao (Chinese: 知伯瑤), posthumously known as Zhi Xiangzi (Chinese: 知襄子), was the ruler of Zhi, a vassal state of Jin during the late Spring and Autumn period. He was the son of Zhi Shen. He was the last Zhongjunjiang (Prime Minister) of Jin before its partition.
| Zhi Yao | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leader of Zhi clan | |||||||||
| Died | 453 BCE | ||||||||
| Issue | Zhi Yan | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Zhi | ||||||||
| Father | Zhi Shen | ||||||||
Zhi Yao's dramatic death was a significant event in Chinese history. As the dominant vassal state, he asked Kangzi of Han, Huanzi of Wei and Xiangzi of Zhao to cede their lands to the Zhi clan. Han and Wei complied. But Zhao refused to give lands to the Zhi clan. In response to Zhao's refusal, Xiangzi led his army, along with armies from Han and Wei, in laying siege to the Zhao capital Jinyang (modern Taiyuan). The siege lasted two years before it came to a dramatic end. Zhao conspired with the Han and Wei rulers so that Xiangzi was betrayed by his own allies and defeated. Zhao decapitated Zhi Yao and massacred his entire family of over 200 members. After the fall of the Zhi clan, no vassals in Jin could once again match the power of the Zhao, Han, and Wei clans. The Duke of Jin was consequently only a figurehead rather than the ruler of the Jin state. This eventually led to the Partition of Jin and the establishment of Han, Zhao and Wei as independent states acknowledged by the Zhou dynasty ruler.
This event is considered to mark the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.[1]
Ascendance
When choosing Xiangzi as his successor, Xuanzi of Zhi was warned by his clansman Zhi Guo who believed that Xiangzi's personality did not fit the qualities of a ruler. However, Xuanzi dismissed Guo's opinion.[2]
In 472 BC, the third year of Duke Chu of Jin's rule, Xiangzi led his army in an invasion of the state of Qi. He managed to defeat Qi's troops in the battle of Liqiu. Zuo Qiuming recorded this battle in his work Zuo Zhuan. In the Zuo Zhuan, it is said that Xiangzi of Zhi resented the oracles of I Ching because Zhi believed in his own power.[3] In 468 BC, Xiangzi of Zhi invaded the state of Zheng. Zheng's retainer Sihong then asked Qi for reinforcements. With the intervention of Qi, Zhi had to abandon his plan of invading Zheng. In 464 BC, Zhi once more entered Zheng's realm with troops from the Zhi and Zhao clans. Sihong organised resistance against them.[4]
In 458 BC, Zhi united the armies of Han, Zhao and Wei. He attacked and exterminated two of the major clans of Jin: the Fan and the Zhonghang. Zhi took most of the Fan and Zhonghang fiefs with the result that he rose in influence to the top of Jin's court. The Zhao clan, which had been in control of the Jin court before Zhi's sudden rise, was pushed out. At a subsequent banquet, Xiangzi of Zhi and Xiangzi of Zhao met. According to Han dynasty scholar Liu An, Zhi slapped Zhao's head. This insult offended Zhao's retainers deeply but also strengthened Zhao's resolve to deal with Zhi.[5]
Xiangzi then conquered the vassal state, Qiuyou of Zhongshan. In 457 BC, he claimed lands from the Han, Wei and Zhao clans. Unexpectedly, Xiangzi of Zhao defiantly refused Zhi's request. Xiangzi of Zhi was enraged by Zhao's response to him. He led his troops in a march into Zhao's territory with the help of troops from the Han and Wei clans. Xiangzi of Zhao, upon seeing this strong army approach, decided to retreat to Jinyang.[6]
Fall of the Zhi clan
In 453 BC, Xiangzi of Zhi organised the diversion of the Fen River to flow into Jinyang where Zhao was based. As a consequence, Zhao's capital was flooded and its army and people starved.[7]
Xiangzi of Zhi was pleased with the situation facing Zhao. He told Kangzi of Han and Huanzi of Wei that "At first, I did not know water can exterminate a nation, now I know."[8] Kangzi and Huanzi were concerned by Xiangzi's words because they saw themselves facing a similar situation to Zhao's predicament one day.
In the meatime, Zhao sent his strategist, Zhang Mengtan, to seek to influence the Han and Wei clans. Mengtan identified the concerns that the Han and Wei rulers had: Zhi would eventually turn against Han and Wei once Zhao was destroyed.[9]
Later in the year, Zhao's army destroyed the dam which controlled the water diversion. Han and Wei then betrayed Zhi and surrounded the Zhi army. Xiangzi of Zhao led the attack on Zhi. Xiangzi of Zhi was captured and decapitated. His skull was used as Zhao's wine cup as a symbol of the glorious victory. Every member of the Zhi clan was killed by Zhao. The battle marked the end of the Zhi clan and the beginning of the Partition of Jin.
References
- Long Tang (2017). The Book of War: From Chinese History. Algora Publishing. pp. 131–133. ISBN 9781628942934.
- 見《資治通鑑》卷一。
- 春秋左传注（全四册）. 中华书局. 2009. ISBN 9787101070743.
- Zuo Zhuan, Duke Ai, 27th year of
- 淮南子. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2006. p. 764. ISBN 9789867332646.
- 見《國語·晉語九》。
- 《史記·趙世家》載：“城不浸者三版，城中懸釜而炊，易子而食”
- 見《戰國策·秦策四》「始，吾不知水之可亡人之國也，乃今知之」
- Zhan Guo Ce. Shanghai: 上海古籍出版社. 2015. ISBN 9787532576050.