Haojing

Hao or Haojing (Chinese: 鎬京; pinyin: Hàojīng), also called Zongzhou (宗周),[1] was one of the two settlements comprising the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty (1066–770 BCE), the other being Fēng or Fēngjīng (灃京). Together they were known as Fenghao and stood on opposite banks of the Feng River (沣河): with Feng on west bank and Hao on the east bank. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the ruins of Haojing lie next to the Feng River around the north end of Doumen Subdistrict (斗门街道) in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. It was the center of government for King Wu of Zhou (r. 1046-1043 BCE).

Haojing
Chinese鎬京
PostalHaoking
Zongzhou
Chinese宗周
PostalTsungchow

History

King Wen of Zhou (r. 1099-1056 BCE) moved the Zhou capital eastward from Qíyì (岐邑) to Fēngjīng; his son King Wu later relocated across the river to Haojing, next to a certain lake Hao (鎬池).[2] Fēngjīng became the site of the Zhou ancestral shrine and gardens whilst Haojing contained the royal residence and government headquarters. The settlement was also known as Zōngzhōu to indicate its role as the capital of the vassal states.[3]

During the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (r. 1042–1021 BCE), the Duke of Zhou built a second settlement at Luoyi, also known as Chengzhou (成周), in order to reinforce control of the eastern part of the kingdom. From then on, although King Cheng was permanently stationed in Chengzhou, Haojing remained the main operations center.

At the time of King Zhao of Zhou (r. 996–977 BCE), further reinforcement of the eastern part of the Zhou kingdom took place thus Chéngzhōu became the major center of operations.

In King You of Zhou's reign (r. 781–771 BCE), the Marquess of Shen with support from Quanrong nomads from the west overran Hàojīng heralding the end of the Western Zhou dynasty. All the royal buildings in the settlement were razed to the ground although it is not known if those in Fēngjīng survived the conflagration. The newly enthroned King Ping of Zhou (r. 770-720 BCE) thereafter had no choice but to move the capital east to Chéngzhōu. For sometime after, there were still people who referred to themselves as "Western Zhou" and to Chéngzhōu as Zōngzhōu.[4]

See also

References
  1. Zhu Xi, Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Poetry (《詩經集傳》); Siku Quanshu's Essentials Gathered in Chizao Hall version (《摛藻堂四庫全書薈要》本), vol. 4-5, p. 89 of 198. quote: (宗周，鎬京也。)
  2. Pei Yin, Collected Explanations on Records of the Grand Historian (《史記集解》); Siku Quanshu version vol. 4 p. 10 of 123, quote: "徐廣曰豐在京兆鄠縣東有靈臺鎬在上林昆明北有鎬池去豐二十五里皆在長安南數十里". rough translation: "Xu Guang said: 'Feng was in the eastern part of the Hu prefecture in Jingzhao, there was the Numinous Terrace; Hao was to the north of Shanglin's [i.e. the imperial park's] Kunming [Pool; named after the Kunming lake, i.e. Dian Lake]; there was Lake Hao; [Hao was] twenty-five li from Feng; all were several decades of li from Chang'an.'"
  3. Third scroll of the Chang'an Annals (长安志) interpreted by Huangfu Mi in his Age of Kings (book) (帝王世紀)
  4. Classic of Rites, "A summary account of sacrifices" (《禮記·祭統》); annotated by Zheng. Wuying Hall's Thirty Classics Annotated and Clarified version (《武英殿十三經注疏》本). vol. 23, p. 124 of 140. quote: (周既去鎬京猶名王城為宗周也)

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