Zwrotnica

Zwrotnica was established by Tadeusz Peiper in Kraków in 1922,[2] and its first issue appeared in May that year.[3] After being published for one year it ceased publication.[2] Peiper was the editor-in-chief of Zwrotnica between its start in 1922 and its closure in October 1923.[3][4] The magazine was restarted in 1926 and was permanently closed down in 1927.[2]

Zwrotnica first adopted a futurist approach, but the magazine abandoned it in its second period between 1926 and 1927.[2][3] Later, the magazine became an avant-garde publication which was the major platform for a Polish group of avant-garde artists from Kraków called Awangarda Krakowska.[4] One of them was Julian Przyboś who published both poems and prose in the second phase of the publication from 1926 to 1927.[5] The other notable contributors of the magazine included Jan Brzękowski and Jalu Kurek.[5] In addition, the writings of the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti were featured in the magazine.[6]

Zwrotnica was also an advocate of constructivism, and Henryk Stażewski, a Polish constructivist painter, collaborated with the magazine.[7] Kazimierz Podsadecki became the typographic editor of Zwrotnica in 1926.[7]

Tadeusz Peiper developed a literary program of Zwrotnica which was shared by other avant-garde groups in Europe.[8] It was based on the view that the nature of history was linear.[8] It also emphasized the necessity of technological and scientific developments as well as social utopia.[8] In addition, Zwrotnica managed to be part of the European network of avant‐garde publications which shared articles and other work.[9]