Sotolon

Sotolon (also known as sotolone) is a lactone and an extremely powerful aroma compound, with the typical smell of fenugreek or curry at high concentrations and maple syrup, caramel, or burnt sugar at lower concentrations. Sotolon is the major aroma and flavor component of fenugreek seed and lovage,[1] and is one of several aromatic and flavor components of artificial maple syrup.[2] It is also present in molasses, aged rum, aged sake and white wine, flor sherry, roast tobacco,[3] and dried fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lactarius helvus.[4] Sotolon can pass through the body relatively unchanged, and consumption of foods high in sotolon, such as fenugreek, can impart a maple syrup aroma to one's sweat and urine. In some individuals with the genetic disorder maple syrup urine disease, it is spontaneously produced in their bodies and excreted in their urine, leading to the disease's characteristic smell.[5]

Sotolon
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one
Other names
Sotolone
Caramel furanone
Sugar lactone
Fenugreek lactone
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.044.655
PubChem CID
UNII
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C6H8O3/c1-3-4(2)9-6(8)5(3)7/h4,7H,1-2H3 N
    Key: UNYNVICDCJHOPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
SMILES
  • O=C1OC(C)C(C)=C1O
Properties
Chemical formula
 C6H8O3
Molar mass 128.127 g·mol−1
Density 1.049 g/cm3
Melting point 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F; 299 to 302 K)
Boiling point 184 °C (363 °F; 457 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

This molecule is thought to be responsible for the mysterious maple syrup smell that has occasionally wafted over Manhattan since 2005.[6] Sotolon was first isolated in 1975 from the herb fenugreek.[7] The compound was named in 1980 when it was found to be responsible for the flavor of raw cane sugar: soto- means "raw sugar" in Japanese and -olon signifies that the molecule is an enol lactone.[8]

Several aging-derived compounds have been pointed out as playing an important role on the aroma of fortified wines however, sotolon (3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone) is recognized as being the key odorant and has also been classified as a potential aging marker of these type of wines. This chiral lactone is a powerful odorant, which can impart a nutty, caramel, curry, or rancid odor, depending on its concentration and enantiomeric distribution. Despite being pointed out as a key odorant of other fortified wines, the researchers’ attention has also been directed to its off-flavor character, associated to the premature oxidative aging of young dry white wines, overlapping the expected fruity, flowery, and fresh character. This compound can be detected by miniaturized emulsification extraction followed by GC–MS/SIM [9] and single-step miniaturized liquid-liquid extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis [10]

French vin jaune

Vin jaune is marked by the formation of sotolon from α-ketobutyric acid.[11][12]

See also
  • Candy cap (Lactarius mushroom species whose maple syrup aroma derives from quabalactone III, which hydrolyzes into sotolon)

References
  1. Imre Blank; Peter Schieberle (1993). "Analysis of the seasoning-like flavour substances of a commercial lovage extract". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 8 (4): 191–195. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730080405. Archived from the original (abstract) on 2012-12-16.
  2. "Caractéristiques chimiques et nutritives du sirop d'érable" (PDF) (in French). Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole. March 1994. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Sigma-Aldrich
  4. Sylvie Rapior, Françoise Fons & Jean-Marie Bessièreb (2000). "The fenugreek odor of Lactarius helvus". Mycologia. 92 (2): 305–308. doi:10.2307/3761565. JSTOR 3761565. Archived from the original (abstract) on 2006-04-26.
  5. F. Podebrad, M. Heil, S. Reichert1, A. Mosandl, A. C. Sewell and H. Böhles (1999). "4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (sotolone) — The odour of maple syrup urine disease". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 22 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1023/A:1005433516026. PMID 10234605. S2CID 6426166.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. John Matson (Feb 5, 2009). "Mystery of NYC maple syrup smell solved!". Scientific American News Blog.
  7. F. Rijkens and H. Boelens (1975) "The future of aroma research," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aroma Research, H. Maarse and P.J. Groenen, eds. (Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc, 1975), pp. 203-220.
  8. Tokitomo, Yukiko; Kobayashi, Akio; Yamanishi, Tei; Muraki, Shigeru (1980) "Studies on the "sugary flavor" of raw cane sugar. III. Key compound of the sugary flavor," Proceedings of the Japan Academy, series B, 56 (7) : 457-462 ; see footnote on p. 457.
  9. Freitas, Ana I.; Pereira, Vanda; Leça, João M.; Pereira, Ana C.; Albuquerque, Francisco; Marques, José C. (2018-02-15). "A Simple Emulsification-Assisted Extraction Method for the GC–MS/SIM Analysis of Wine Markers of Aging and Oxidation: Application for Studying Micro-Oxygenation in Madeira Wine". Food Analytical Methods. 11 (8): 2056–2065. doi:10.1007/s12161-018-1176-3. hdl:10400.13/3635. ISSN 1936-9751. S2CID 102509460.
  10. Marques, José C.; Pereira, Ana C.; Gaspar, João M.; Leça, João M.; Pereira, Vanda (2018). "Rapid Determination of Sotolon in Fortified Wines Using a Miniaturized Liquid-Liquid Extraction Followed by LC-MS/MS Analysis". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2018: 4393040. doi:10.1155/2018/4393040. PMC 6311786. PMID 30647986.
  11. Thuy, Pham Thu; Elisabeth, Guichard; Pascal, Schlich; Claudine, Charpentier (1995). "Optimal Conditions for the Formation of Sotolon from α-Ketobutyric Acid in the French "Vin Jaune"". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (10): 2616. doi:10.1021/jf00058a012.
  12. Guichard, E.; Pham, T. T.; Etievant, P. (1993). "Quantitative determination of sotolon in wines by high-performance liquid chromatography". Chromatographia. 37 (9–10): 539. doi:10.1007/BF02275793. S2CID 95494741.
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