Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome

Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by deafness, protruding ears, coloboma, a cleft palate or palatal rugosity, radial synostosis, and short stature.[2][3][4] It was first characterized by Abruzzo and Erickson in 1977 as a CHARGE like syndrome as variably expressed among a family of two brothers, their mother, and their maternal uncle.[5] Members of this family exhibited many of the CHARGE symptoms, but notably did not have choanal atresia and the brothers experienced typical genital development.[6] Due to the recent discovery of this disorder, its etiology is not fully known but it is understood that it arises from mutations on the TBX22 gene on the X-chromosome.[7][8] The disorder is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[7] There is currently no known cure but its symptoms can be treated.[9]

Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome
Other namesCHARGE like syndrome X-linked[1]
CausesGenetic (X-linked recessive)[1]
FrequencyExtremely rare[1]

Signs and Symptoms

Abruzzo-Erikson syndrome is characterized by cleft palate, coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis.[5] There are also additional symptoms that are very similar to CHARGE syndrome such as large and protruding ears, wide spacing between the second and third fingers, ulnar deviation, facial asymmetry, dental abnormalities, and congenital heart malformation.[10] However, in contrast to CHARGE syndrome, patients with Abruzzo-Erikson syndrome do not display intellectual disability, choanal atresia, or genital hypoplasia.[10] As with most diseases, the symptoms will vary from person to person.

Genetics

While the complete etiology is not fully known, Abruzzo-Erickson Syndrome arises in part due to mutations on the TBX22 gene, a gene that is located on the X-chromosome (around 80,014,753 to 80,031,774 bp), and is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[7][8] The T-box transcription factor TBX22 plays an essential role in normal craniofacial development.[11] Nonsense, frameshift, splice-site and missense mutations in this region can result in patients with X-linked cleft palate (CPX) and ankyloglossia phenotypes.[7] The CPX phenotype observed in individuals with Abruzzo-Erickson Syndrome most likely results from a loss of protein function as severely truncated proteins can result from the introduction of a premature stop codon can result from nonsense, splice-site, or frame shift sequence changes, while missense mutations in this region have less of a structural effect on the protein, but instead interferes with DNA binding and transcriptional activity.[11]

Diagnosis

Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome can be diagnosed on the basis of a complete physical examination (as patients with the syndrome often possess noticeable physical characteristics such as a cleft palate, large protruding ears, and facial asymmetry).[2] As the syndrome is inherited, a complete medical history is also taken, and additional assessments may be made based on the results of laboratory tests, biopsies, and imaging studies. Genetic and molecular tests such as DNA sequencing can also be used for a complete diagnosis of Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome.[12]

Treatment

There is no cure for this condition. However, children with Abruzzo-Erikson syndrome can survive into adulthood and live productive lives as long as they are treated from an early age. Many life-threatening problems may arise in these children which need to be addressed. Treatment is generally focused on addressing the specific symptoms and not the syndrome itself.[9] Since hearing problems are common with this syndrome, it is usually the first issue addressed.[9] Correction of some abnormalities can be corrected with the use of extensive multidisciplinary craniofacial surgery.[13] Physical therapy and occupational therapy are important to ensure they can live a normal and productive life.[9] Monitoring the heart for defects is also common and there are medications to educe this risk or surgery is available to correct some of conditions.[9]

Epidemiology

Abruzzo-Erickson Syndrome is an extremely rare condition, prevalent among less than one in a million of individuals. As of 2021, only four cases have been characterized in literature.[14]

See also

References
  1. "Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  2. "Abruzzo Erickson Syndrome". Patient Worthy. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  3. Schimke LP, Erickson RP, Neil R (1999). Genetic disorders of human sexual development (Dodr. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780195109078.
  4. Gorlin Jr RJ, Toriello HV, Cohen MM (1995). Hereditary hearing loss and its syndromes. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780195065527.
  5. Abruzzo MA, Erickson RP (February 1977). "A new syndrome of cleft palate associated with coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis". Journal of Medical Genetics. 14 (1): 76–80. doi:10.1136/jmg.14.1.76. PMC 1013515. PMID 839509.
  6. "OMIM Entry - # 302905 - ABRUZZO-ERICKSON SYNDROME; ABERS". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  7. Pauws E, Peskett E, Boissin C, Hoshino A, Mengrelis K, Carta E, et al. (April 2013). "X-linked CHARGE-like Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome and classic cleft palate with ankyloglossia result from TBX22 splicing mutations". Clinical Genetics. 83 (4): 352–358. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01930.x. PMID 22784330. S2CID 21268361.
  8. "OMIM Entry - * 300307 - T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 22; TBX22". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  9. "Abruzzo Erickson syndrome". CheckOrphan. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  10. "Abruzzo Erickson syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  11. Andreou AM, Pauws E, Jones MC, Singh MK, Bussen M, Doudney K, et al. (October 2007). "TBX22 missense mutations found in patients with X-linked cleft palate affect DNA binding, sumoylation, and transcriptional repression". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (4): 700–712. doi:10.1086/521033. PMC 2227921. PMID 17846996.
  12. "Genetic testing - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  13. "Abruzzo Erickson syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  14. "Abruzzo Erickson syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
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