Alogliptin

Alogliptin, sold under the brand names Nesina and Vipidia,[1][2]) is an oral anti-diabetic drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor (gliptin) class.[3] Alogliptin does not decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke. Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of hypoglycemia, and has relatively modest glucose-lowering activity. Alogliptin and other gliptins are commonly used in combination with metformin in people whose diabetes cannot adequately be controlled with metformin alone.[4]

Alogliptin
Clinical data
Trade namesNesina, Vipidia
Kazano, Vipidomet (with metformin)
Oseni, Incresync (with pioglitazone)
Other namesSYR-322
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa613026
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability100%
Protein binding20%
MetabolismLimited, liver (CYP2D6- and 3A4-mediated)
Elimination half-life12–21 hours
ExcretionKidney (major) and fecal (minor)
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • 2-({6-[(3R)-3-Aminopiperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl}methyl)benzonitrile
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.256.501
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H21N5O2
Molar mass339.399 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • N#Cc3ccccc3CN\1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)/C=C/1N2CCC[C@@H](N)C2
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C18H21N5O2/c1-21-17(24)9-16(22-8-4-7-15(20)12-22)23(18(21)25)11-14-6-3-2-5-13(14)10-19/h2-3,5-6,9,15H,4,7-8,11-12,20H2,1H3/t15-/m1/s1 Y
  • Key:ZSBOMTDTBDDKMP-OAHLLOKOSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

In April 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added a warning about increased risk of heart failure.[5] It was developed by Syrrx, a company which was acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company in 2005.[6] In 2020, it was the 295th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[7][8]

Medical uses

Alogliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor that decreases blood sugar similar to the other.[9]

Side effects

Adverse events include mild hypoglycemia based on clinical studies.[10][11][12] Alogliptin is not associated with increased weight, increased risk of cardiovascular events.[13][14] It may also cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling.[15] In April 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added a warning about increased risk of heart failure.[5]

Market access
Alogliptin tablets sales in Mainland China. Specification is 25mg * 10 tablets.

In December 2007, Takeda submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) for alogliptin to the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA),[16] after positive results from Phase III clinical trials.[1] In September 2008, the company also filed for approval in Japan,[17] winning approval in April 2010.[16] The company also filed a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) elsewhere outside the United States, which was withdrawn in June 2009 needing more data.[17] The first USFDA NDA failed to gain approval and was followed by a pair of NDAs (one for alogliptin and a second for a combination of alogliptin and pioglitazone) in July 2011.[16] In 2012, Takeda received a negative response from the USFDA on both of these NDAs, citing a need for additional data.[16]

In 2013, the FDA approved the drug in three formulations: as a stand-alone with the brand-name Nesina, combined with metformin using the name Kazano, and when combined with pioglitazone as Oseni.

References
  1. "Takeda Submits New Drug Application for Alogliptin (SYR-322) in the U.S." (Press release). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. January 3, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  2. Vipidia: EPAR summary for the public (European Medicines Agency)
  3. Feng, Jun; Zhang, Zhiyuan; Wallace, Michael B.; Stafford, Jeffrey A.; Kaldor, Stephen W.; Kassell, Daniel B.; Navre, Marc; Shi, Lihong; Skene, Robert J.; Asakawa, Tomoko; Takeuchi, Koji; Xu, Rongda; Webb, David R.; Gwaltney II, Stephen L. (2007). "Discovery of alogliptin: a potent, selective, bioavailable, and efficacious inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV". J. Med. Chem. 50 (10): 2297–2300. doi:10.1021/jm070104l. PMID 17441705.
  4. "www.aace.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-01.
  5. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA adds warnings about heart failure risk to labels of type 2 diabetes medicines containing saxagliptin and alogliptin". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  6. "The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News".
  7. "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  8. "Alogliptin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  9. Saisho, Y (2015). "Alogliptin benzoate for management of type 2 diabetes". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 11: 229–43. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S68564. PMC 4401208. PMID 25914541.
  10. Seino, Yutaka; Fujita, Tetsuya; Hiroi, Shinzo; Hirayama, Masashi; Kaku, Kohei (September 2011), "Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging comparison with placebo, followed by a long-term extension study (abstract only)", Current Medical Research and Opinion, 27 (9): 1781–1792, doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.599371, PMID 21806314, S2CID 24082863
  11. Kutoh, Eiji; Ukai, Yasuhiro (2012), "Alogliptin as an initial therapy in patients with newly diagnosed, drug naïve type 2 diabetes: a randomized, control trial (abstract only)", Endocrine (published January 17, 2012), 41 (3): 435–41, doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9596-0, PMID 22249941, S2CID 45948727
  12. Bosi, Emanuele; Ellis, G.C.; Wilson, C.A.; Fleck, P.R. (October 2011), "Alogliptin as a third oral antidiabetic drug in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on metformin and pioglitazone: a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group study", Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (published October 27, 2011), 13 (12): 1088–1096, doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01463.x, PMID 21733058, S2CID 1092260
  13. White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. (October 2013). "Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (14): 1327–35. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305889. hdl:10447/94479. PMID 23992602. S2CID 205095844.
  14. White WB, Zannad F (January 2014). "Saxagliptin, alogliptin, and cardiovascular outcomes". N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (5): 483–484. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1313880. PMID 24482824.
  15. "DPP-4 Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes: Drug Safety Communication - May Cause Severe Joint Pain". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2015-08-28. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  16. Grogan, Kevin (April 26, 2012), "FDA wants yet more data on Takeda diabetes drug alogliptin", PharmaTimes, PharmaTimes, PharmaTimes online, retrieved April 26, 2012
  17. "GEN News Highlights: Takeda Pulls MAA for Type 2 Diabetes Therapy". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. June 4, 2009.
  • Media related to Alogliptin at Wikimedia Commons
  • "Alogliptin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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