Arthrobacter globiformis

Arthrobacter globiformis was first discovered  by H. J. Conn in 1928. This bacteria was initially found in large quantities in various types of soil.[3][2] They start as Gram-negative rods before becoming Gram-positive cocci over time. They may also become large, oval-shaped cells called cystite by growing them in very high carbon to nitrogen ratio environments.[2][4][5] These bacteria have cell walls that contain polysaccharides (with monomers glucose, galactose, and rhamnose), peptidoglycan, and phosphorus.[4] They may also have flagella as well.[6] Notably, A. globiformis and its antigens and proteins are commercially available for use in research, food production, biodegradation, and water/wastewater treatment.[7][8]

A. globiformis can break down substances in the soil such as agricultural chemicals, chromium, etc. They are primarily aerobic, but they can survive anaerobically using lactate, acetate, and ethanol producing fermentation for growth.[2] Most are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own food. The choline oxidase activity of A. globiformis has been extensively characterized and is important for the production of glycine betaine, one of the few soluble osmotic regulators used by most cells.[9]

The complete genome of A. globiformis has been sequenced using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The genomes of three strains are available for public use.[10] The genome is approximately 4.89 million base pairs long, containing 4305 proteins and a 66.1% GC content.[10] Two major phylogenetic clades exist within the Arthrobacter genus, the A. globiformis/A. citreus group and the A. nicotianae group.[11] These two clades differ mainly in their peptidoglycan structure, teichoic acid content, and lipid composition.[11]

• Eschbach, Martin; Möbitz, Henrik; Rompf, Alexandra; Jahn, Dieter (June 2003). "Members of the genus Arthrobacter grow anaerobically using nitrate ammonification and fermentative processes: Anaerobic adaptation of aerobic bacteria abundant in soil". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 223 (2): 227–230. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00383-5. PMID 12829291.
• Sharma, Meenakshi; Mishra, Vandana; Rau, Nupur; Sharma, Radhey Shyam (December 2015). "Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing from mine". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 56 (7): 719–735. doi:10.1002/jobm.201500450. PMID 26632776. S2CID 22533369.
• Sawai, Teruo; Yamaki, Takahiro; Ohya, Toshihide (9 September 2014). "Purification and Some Properties of Exo-l,6--glucosidase". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 40 (7): 1293–1299. doi:10.1080/00021369.1976.10862217.
• NISHIZAWA, Masako; YABUSAKI, Yoshiyasu; KANAOKA, Masaharu (22 May 2014). "Identification of the Catalytic Residues of Carboxylesterase from by Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate-Labeling and Site-Directed Mutagenesis". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 75 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1271/bbb.100576. PMID 21266781.
• Ramanujam, Praveen Kumar; Jayaraman, Jayamuthunagai; Gautam, Pennathur (11 January 2016). "Evaluation of production and kinetics parameters of rare sugar (D-tagatose) using biocatalyst". Management of Environmental Quality. 27 (1): 71–78. doi:10.1108/MEQ-07-2015-0124.
• Garrity, George M., ed. (2012). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-68233-4.
• Rosa Margesin; Franz Schinner, eds. (1999). Cold-Adapted Organisms Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 3-662-06285-2.
• R.H. Wijffels; et al., eds. (1996). Immobilized Cells Basics and Applications. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-053447-3.
• Emanuel Goldman; Lorrence H. Green; et al., eds. (2009). Practical handbook of microbiology (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-0933-0.

• Type strain of Arthrobacter globiformis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase