Botanical drug
A botanical drug is defined in the United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as a botanical product that is marketed as diagnosing, mitigating, treating, or curing a disease; a botanical product in turn, is a finished, labeled product that contains ingredients from plants. Chemicals that are purified from plants, like paclitaxel, and highly purified products of industrial fermentation, like biopharmaceuticals, are not considered to be botanical products.
In 2006 the Food and Drug Administration approved the first botanical drug in the United States: sinecatechins, a green tea extract for genital warts.[1]
Definition
A botanical drug product is defined in the United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) as a botanical drug that is marketed as diagnosing, mitigating, treating, or curing a disease; a botanical product in turn, is a finished, labeled product that contains vegetable matter as ingredients.[2]: 2–3 Chemicals that are purified from plants, like paclitaxel or artemisinin, and highly purified products of industrial fermentation, like biopharmaceuticals, are not considered to be botanical products.[2]: 3
The FD&C act separately regulates uses of botanical products as food (including dietary supplements), medical devices (e.g., gutta-percha), and cosmetics.[2]: 2
Regulation
Like other drugs, botanical drugs may be sold over the counter (OTC) or by prescription only. For OTC drugs, a monograph must be created by the company that wants to market the drug and then approved by the FDA, after which it is published in the Federal Register. For prescription drugs, a New Drug Application (NDA) must be filed with and approved by the FDA; clinical data included in the NDA is gathered under an Investigational New Drug Application which the FDA also must approve before clinical testing begins.[2]: 3–4
Assessment of the safety and toxicity of botanical drugs in clinical trials, and in ensuring their quality once the drug is on the market, is complicated by the nature of the raw ingredients; problems arise in identifying the correct plants to harvest, in the quality of plants harvested, in their processing, and in the stability of the active components, which are often poorly understood.[3]
The FDA relies on a combination of tests and controls to ensure the identity and quality of botanical drugs. The tests include "fingerprinting" using spectroscopy or chromatography, chemical or biological assays, and process controls on raw material collection and processing.[2]: 5 The standards are higher for botanical drugs than for extracts or plant matter used in dietary supplements.[2]: 5
If the substance being developed as a botanical drug has been used in traditional medicine, it may be possible to begin initial, small clinical trials without conducting extensive toxicology testing.[2]: 13 [4][5] However, toxicity testing is required before beginning larger clinical trials and trials that will be used to get approval to sell a botanical drug.[4]
The endogenous Chinese pharmaceutical industry is made up mostly of companies that make herbal traditional chinese medicines and sell them over the counter; the US regulatory pathway is similar to that established by the China Food and Drug Administration.[6]: 15, 20
The European regulatory pathway is also similar.[7]
Examples
- Sinecatechins (Veregen) was the first botanical drug approved in the US in 2006; a green tea extract, for genital warts[1][8]
- Crofelemer (Mytesi), approved by the FDA in 2012, an extract of "dragon's blood" sap of the Croton lechleri plant, for diarrhea in people with HIV/AIDS[8]
- Nabiximols (USAN,[9] trade name Sativex) is a specific extract of Cannabis approved as a botanical drug in the United Kingdom as a mouth spray for people with multiple sclerosis, who can use it to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity, overactive bladder, and other symptoms; it was developed by the UK company GW Pharmaceuticals[10]
- Menerba is a botanical drug candidate consisting of 22 herbs that have been used historically in traditional Chinese medicine[11] that act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator.[12] As of 2015 the FDA had approved Bionovo's chemical manufacturing and controls[13] and Menerba was in a Phase III clinical trial as a potential treatment to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause.[14]
Market
As of 2012, the pharmaceutical industry had expressed strong interest in developing botanical drugs, with more than 500 applications pending at the FDA.[15] Part of the interest stems from a desire to address the Chinese market, where herbal medicines remain widely used and had $13 billion in sales in 2011.[15]
References
- Chen ST; et al. (Oct 2008). "Commentary: New therapies from old medicines" (PDF). Nat Biotechnol. 26 (10): 1077–83. doi:10.1038/nbt1008-1077. PMID 18846070. S2CID 205271440.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). June 2004. Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products
- Jordan SA, Cunningham DG, Marles RJ (Mar 2010). "Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 243 (2): 198–216. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005. PMID 20018204.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wu KM, Ghantous H, Birnkrant DB (Aug 2008). "Current regulatory toxicology perspectives on the development of herbal medicines to prescription drug products in the United States". Food Chem Toxicol. 46 (8): 2606–10. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.029. PMID 18614266.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wu KM; et al. (Feb 2010). "Current regulatory perspectives on genotoxicity testing for botanical drug product development in the U.S.A." Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 56 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.012. PMID 19782117.
- Deloitte, 2011 The next phase:Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market
- Poluzzi E; et al. (2014). ""Phytoestrogens in postmenopause " the state of the art from a chemical, pharmacological and regulatory perspective". Curr Med Chem. 21 (4): 417–36. doi:10.2174/09298673113206660297. PMC 3963458. PMID 24164197.
- FDA: What is a Botanical Drug? (2017-08-14)
- United States Adopted Names Council: Statement on a nonproprietary name
- Multiple Sclerosis Trust. October 2014 Sativex (nabiximols) - factsheet
- Stovall, DW; Pinkerton, JV (2009). "MF-101, an estrogen receptor beta agonist for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 10 (4): 365–71. PMID 19337958.
- Grady, Deborah; Sawaya, George F.; Johnson, Karen C.; Koltun, William; Hess, Rachel; Vittinghoff, Eric; Kristof, Margaret; Tagliaferri, Mary; et al. (2009). "MF101, a selective estrogen receptor β modulator for the treatment of menopausal hot flushes". Menopause. 16 (3): 458–65. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31818e64dd. PMID 19182698. S2CID 31985236.
- Bionovo press release, September 23, 2010 FDA Approves Manufacturing Plan for Menerba, Bionovo's Menopausal Hot Flash Drug Candidate
- Bionovo. Menerba page at Bionovo Page accessed May 2, 2015
- Daryl Loo for Bloomberg News. December 11, 2012 Ancient Chinese Cures Seen Helping Drugmaker Pipelines