Central nucleus of the amygdala

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA or aCeN) is a nucleus within the amygdala.[1][2] It "serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing pain information."[3][4][5][6]

Central nucleus of the amygdala
Identifiers
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_2682
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

CeA "connects with brainstem areas that control the expression of innate behaviors and associated physiological responses."[7]

CeA is responsible for "autonomic components of emotions (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem." The CeA is also responsible for "conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and prefrontal cortex."[8]

Amygdala subdividisions and outputs
Inputs and outputs of the rodent central amygdala

The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals.[9] Among these nuclei are the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the central nucleus. The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei.[10][11]

Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Amygdala is shown in purple.

The amygdalofugal pathway (Latin for "fleeing from the amygdala" and commonly distinguished as the ventral amygdalofugal pathway) is one of the three principal pathways by which fibers leave the amygdala. The other main efferent pathways from the amygdala are the stria terminalis and anterior commissure. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala.[12]

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway carries output from the central and basolateral nuclei and delivers it to a number of targets; namely, the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain, the brain stem, septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens.[13]

Research
  • "psychological stressor induced an increase in both CRH mRNA levels and CRH content in the CEA. Exposure to the psychological stressor also caused a significant increase in CRH mRNA levels with a trend for an increase in CRH content in the dorsolateral subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) which is anatomically associated with the CEA."[14]
  • "oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance"[15]
  • "the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its connections with the nigral dopamine system have been reported to modulate cognitive processes dependent substantially on attentional allocation. CeA dopamine function is involved in modulation of disengagement behavior."[16]
  • "Opioid mechanisms are involved in the control of water and NaCl intake and opioid receptors (ORs) are present in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)" μ-opioid receptors "in the CeA increases hypertonic sodium intake, whereas antagonizing these sites inhibits hypertonic sodium intake. …μ-ORs in the CeA in a positive regulation of sodium intake."[17]
  • CeA "is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining"[18]
  • "glucocorticoids can facilitate CRH mRNA expression in the CEA, a site implicated in anxiety and fear"[19]
  • Neuronal activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala was found to be a critical brain substrate for incubation of methamphetamine craving as well as neurobiological responses to ethanol.[3][20][21][22]

See also
  • Fear conditioning
  • Intercalated cells of the amygdala

References
  1. Keifer OP, Hurt RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ (September 2015). "The Physiology of Fear: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Central Amygdala in Fear Learning". Physiology. 30 (5): 389–401. doi:10.1152/physiol.00058.2014. PMC 4556826. PMID 26328883.
  2. Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Davidson RJ (June 2004). "The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (24): 5506–5515. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0292-04.2004. PMC 6729317. PMID 15201323.
  3. Companion MA, Gonzalez DA, Robinson SL, Herman MA, Thiele TE (2022-09-01). "Lateral habenula-projecting central amygdala circuits expressing GABA and NPY Y1 receptor modulate binge-like ethanol intake in mice". Addiction Neuroscience. 3: 100019. doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100019. ISSN 2772-3925. PMC 9435303. PMID 36059430. S2CID 248484807.
  4. Roberto M, Gilpin NW, Siggins GR (December 2012). "The central amygdala and alcohol: role of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and neuropeptides". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2 (12): a012195. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012195. PMC 3543070. PMID 23085848.
  5. Swanson LW, Petrovich GD (August 1998). "What is the amygdala?". Trends in Neurosciences. 21 (8): 323–331. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X. PMID 9720596. S2CID 11826564.
  6. Hasanein P, Mirazi N, Javanmardi K (November 2008). "GABAA receptors in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) affect on pain modulation". Brain Research. 1241: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.041. PMID 18838064. S2CID 46000492.
  7. LeDoux JE (2008). "Amygdala". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 2698. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.2698L. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2698.
  8. Wright A. "Limbic System: Amygdala". In Byrne JH (ed.). Homeostasis and Higher Brain Function. Neuroscience Online. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Archived from the original on 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
  9. Bzdok D, Laird AR, Zilles K, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB (December 2013). "An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala". Human Brain Mapping. 34 (12): 3247–3266. doi:10.1002/hbm.22138. PMC 4801486. PMID 22806915.
  10. Best B (August 28, 2012). "The Amygdala and the Emotions". The Anatomical Basis of Mind. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007.
  11. Solano-Castiella E, Anwander A, Lohmann G, Weiss M, Docherty C, Geyer S, et al. (February 2010). "Diffusion tensor imaging segments the human amygdala in vivo". NeuroImage. 49 (4): 2958–2965. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.027. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-ABE5-F. PMID 19931398. S2CID 17137887.
  12. Di Marino V, Etienne Y, Niddam M (2016). "Connection Pathways of the Cerebral Amygdala". The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex: Anatomic Study of the Human Amygdala: 49–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23243-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-23242-3.
  13. Kamali A, Sair HI, Blitz AM, Riascos RF, Mirbagheri S, Keser Z, Hasan KM (September 2016). "Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography". Brain Structure & Function. 221 (7): 3561–3569. doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1119-3. PMID 26454651. S2CID 10456347.
  14. Makino S, Shibasaki T, Yamauchi N, Nishioka T, Mimoto T, Wakabayashi I, et al. (December 1999). "Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat". Brain Research. 850 (1–2): 136–143. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02114-9. PMID 10629757. S2CID 21062798.
  15. Margatho LO, Elias CF, Elias LL, Antunes-Rodrigues J (May 2013). "Oxytocin in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the neuroendocrine responses induced by hypertonic volume expansion in the rat". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 25 (5): 466–477. doi:10.1111/jne.12021. PMID 23331859. S2CID 5486765.
  16. Smith ES, Geissler SA, Schallert T, Lee HJ (April 2013). "The role of central amygdala dopamine in disengagement behavior". Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 (2): 164–174. doi:10.1037/a0031043. PMID 23316710.
  17. Yan J, Li J, Yan J, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen K, et al. (March 2013). "Activation of μ-opioid receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala induces hypertonic sodium intake". Neuroscience. 233: 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.026. PMID 23270855. S2CID 10806357.
  18. Zimmerman JM, Rabinak CA, McLachlan IG, Maren S (September 2007). "The central nucleus of the amygdala is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining". Learning & Memory. 14 (9): 634–644. doi:10.1101/lm.607207. PMC 1994080. PMID 17848503.
  19. Makino S, Gold PW, Schulkin J (March 1994). "Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus". Brain Research. 640 (1–2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91862-7. PMID 8004437. S2CID 19853559.
  20. Hyytiä P, Koob GF (September 1995). "GABAA receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 283 (1–3): 151–159. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00314-B. PMID 7498304.
  21. Gilpin NW, Misra K, Herman MA, Cruz MT, Koob GF, Roberto M (June 2011). "Neuropeptide Y opposes alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release in amygdala and blocks the transition to alcohol dependence". Biological Psychiatry. 69 (11): 1091–1099. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.004. PMC 3090491. PMID 21459365.
  22. Li X, Zeric T, Kambhampati S, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (March 2015). "The central amygdala nucleus is critical for incubation of methamphetamine craving". Neuropsychopharmacology. 40 (5): 1297–1306. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.320. PMC 4367476. PMID 25475163.
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