Coffin–Siris syndrome

Coffin–Siris Syndrome (CSS), first described in 1970 by Dr Coffin and Dr Siris,[1] is a rare genetic disorder that causes developmental delays and absent fifth finger and toe nails. There had been 31 reported cases by 1991.[2] The number of occurrences since then has grown and is now reported to be around 200.[3]

Coffin–Siris syndrome
Other namesDwarfism-Onychodysplasia, Fifth Digit Syndrome, Mental Retardation with Hypoplastic 5th Fingernails and Toenails, Short Stature-Onychodysplasia
Coffin–Siris syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner

The differential includes Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome.[4]

Presentation

Causes

Disease can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, however most cases of CSS appear to be the result of a de novo mutation.[8]

Transmittance of a de novo mutation in germ cells to offspring.

This syndrome has been associated with mutations in the ARID1B gene,[9] which is the most prevalent in CSS.[8]

There are also multiple genes mutations associated to this syndrome, including SOX11,[10] ARID2,[11] DPF2, PHF6, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCC2, SMARCE1, SOX4.[8]

The diagnosis is generally based on the presence of major and at least one minor clinical sign and can be confirmed by molecular genetic testing of the causative genes. Recent studies revealed that fifth finger nail/distal phalanx hypoplasia or aplasia is not a mandatory finding.[8]

Typically, lab work will be done to rule out other conditions and genetic testing will also be performed to get the official diagnosis.[8]

Treatment

There is no known cure or standard for treatment. Treatment is based on symptoms and may include physical, occupational and speech therapy and educational services as well.[8]

References
  1. Coffin, G. S.; Siris, E. (May 1970). "Mental retardation with absent fifth fingernail and terminal phalanx". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 119 (5): 433–439. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1970.02100050435009. ISSN 0002-922X. PMID 5442442.
  2. Levy P, Baraitser M (May 1991). "Coffin-Siris syndrome". Journal of Medical Genetics. 28 (5): 338–41. doi:10.1136/jmg.28.5.338. PMC 1016855. PMID 1865473.
  3. metrowebukmetro (2008-10-13). "Twisted spine girl back playing football". Metro. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  4. Sousa SB, Abdul-Rahman OA, Bottani A, Cormier-Daire V, Fryer A, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Horn D, Josifova D, Kuechler A, Lees M, MacDermot K, Magee A, Morice-Picard F, Rosser E, Sarkar A, Shannon N, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Verloes A, Wakeling E, Wilson L, Hennekam RC (August 2009). "Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome: Delineation of the phenotype". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 149A (8): 1628–40. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32956. PMID 19606471.
  5. "Coffin-Siris syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  6. Cha AE (4 June 2015). "NIH researchers sequence healthy volunteers' DNA and find they aren't so healthy after all". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  7. "Greenville: A home of one's own - Ledger Transcript". Ledger Transcript. 2015-05-14. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  8. Vergano, Samantha Schrier; Santen, Gijs; Wieczorek, Dagmar; Wollnik, Bernd; Matsumoto, Naomichi; Deardorff, Matthew A. (12 August 2021). "Coffin-Siris Syndrome". University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 23556151. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Vals MA, Õiglane-Shlik E, Nõukas M, Shor R, Peet A, Kals M, Kivistik PA, Metspalu A, Õunap K (November 2014). "Coffin-Siris Syndrome with obesity, macrocephaly, hepatomegaly and hyperinsulinism caused by a mutation in the ARID1B gene". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (11): 1327–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.25. PMC 4200437. PMID 24569609.
  10. Tsurusaki Y, Koshimizu E, Ohashi H, Phadke S, Kou I, Shiina M, Suzuki T, Okamoto N, Imamura S, Yamashita M, Watanabe S, Yoshiura K, Kodera H, Miyatake S, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Ogata K, Ikegawa S, Miyake N, Matsumoto N (June 2014). "De novo SOX11 mutations cause Coffin-Siris syndrome". Nature Communications. 5: 4011. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4011T. doi:10.1038/ncomms5011. PMID 24886874.
  11. Gazdagh G, Blyth M, Scurr I, Turnpenny PD, Mehta SG, Armstrong R, McEntagart M, Newbury-Ecob R, Tobias ES, Joss S (April 2018). "Extending the clinical and genetic spectrum of ARID2 related intellectual disability. A case series of 7 patients" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 62 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.04.014. PMID 29698805. S2CID 23207774.
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