Depression of Alzheimer disease

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, occurring at all stages of the disease, but it often appears in a different form than other depressive disorders. In 2000, a workgroup of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health created a set of provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease (dAD) as a separate diagnostic entity in its own right.[1]

In 2005, psychiatrists at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine created a set of operationalized criteria to aid the diagnosis of dAD in clinical practice.[2]

Causes

Although caregivers often feel that the fact of an Alzheimer's diagnosis must be creating depression in the affected person, there is little or no evidence that this is true.[3] In fact, it is not clear how many people are capable of comprehending an Alzheimer's diagnosis at the time it is made. The symptoms of dAD can arise at any point during the course of Alzheimer's disease, often at a stage quite late in cognitive decline.[4]

Numerous neurological studies have found correlations between abnormalities in the brain and depression in dementia. For dAD in particular, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have found alterations of metabolism in the right superior frontal gyrus [5]

Symptoms

The diagnostic criteria for depression in Alzheimer disease specify that it requires only 3 of the possible symptoms for major depressive disorder (MDD), rather than the 5 required to diagnose MDD itself, and the symptoms may fluctuate. Therefore, dAD often goes unrecognized within the spectrum of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.[4]

In general, people who have dAD tend to be anxious, agitated, delusional, or inattentive. Symptoms include irritability and social isolation. People with dAD are more likely than those with MDD to show a decline in their enjoyment of social contacts or customary activities, but are less likely to express or experience guilt or feel suicidal.[4]

Diagnosis

Of course, diagnosis must rely on the criteria established by the NIMH working group on dAD.

Because of the cognitive decline characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, diagnosis of dAD needs to include independent interviews of the patient and caregiver. The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia is particularly useful because it allows for these separate assessments.[6]

Treatment

Educating the caregiver about depression in dementia is of primary importance in addressing the problem. Caregivers need to understand the need for structure and comfort in the patient's daily activities, as well as the importance of including activities that the patient finds enjoyable and of trying to convey a sense of pleasure themselves. Caregivers also need an opportunity to "vent" and to understand and express when they have exceeded their ability to address the patient's needs.[4]

Psychosocial

Controlled trials show that providing pleasant daily activities [7] or exercise,[8] for someone who has Alzheimer's disease, in conjunction with activities designed to support the caregiver, can produce positive results in addressing the associated depression.

Medication

There are no official clinical guidelines as yet about the use of antidepressant medication for dAD in particular. Medication may be justified for people with diagnosed dAD who are suicidal, violent, not eating or drinking, or who score high on the Cornell scale.

The evidence would seem to suggest similar efficacy for SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants in initial treatment for dAD. If these treatments do not address the symptoms, it would be reasonable to try noradrenergic drugs, secondary amine tricyclic antidepressants, or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.[4]

A clinical trial testing sertraline (Zoloft) for depression of Alzheimer disease, launched by the NIMH in 2004, was due to be completed in the summer of 2009.[9]

Sertraline, as per the latest studies has been found to be ineffective in improving cognitive outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[10] Sertraline is also associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory adverse effects.[11]

References
  1. Olin JT, Schneider LS, Katz IR, et al. (2002). "Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease". Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 10 (2): 125–28. doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.10.2.125. PMID 11925273.
  2. Rosenberg PB, Onyike CU, Porsteinsson AP, et al. (2005). "Clinical application of operationalized criteria for 'Depression of Alzheimer's Disease'". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 20 (2): 119–27. doi:10.1002/gps.1261. PMID 15660424. S2CID 39034731. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
  3. "Alzheimer's or depression: Could it be both?". Mayo Clinic. Oct 24, 2019. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  4. Kozauer NA, Rosenberg PB, Lyketsos C (2006). "Depression in Patients with Alzheimer Dementia". Psychiatric Times. 23 (13).
  5. Lee DY, Choo IH, Jhoo JH, et al. (2006). "Frontal dysfunction underlies depressive syndrome in Alzheimer disease: a FDG-PET study". Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 14 (7): 625–628. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000214541.79965.2d. PMID 16816017.
  6. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. (1988). "Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia". Biological Psychiatry. 23 (3): 271–284. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.315. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90038-8. PMID 3337862. S2CID 44280392.
  7. Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, et al. (1997). "Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial". Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 52 (4): 159–166. doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.4.p159. PMID 9224439.
  8. Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. (2003). "Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial" (PDF). JAMA. 290 (15): 2015–2022. doi:10.1001/jama.290.15.2015. PMID 14559955.
  9. "Depression in Alzheimer's Disease-2 (DIADS-2)". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  10. Munro, CA; Longmire, CF; Drye, LT; Martin, BK; Frangakis, CE; Meinert, CL; Mintzer, JE; Porsteinsson, AP; Rabins, PV; Rosenberg, PB; Schneider, LS; Weintraub, D; Lyketsos, CG; Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease Study–2 Research, Group (Dec 2012). "Cognitive outcomes after sertaline treatment in patients with depression of Alzheimer disease". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 20 (12): 1036–44. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31826ce4c5. PMC 3508666. PMID 23032478.
  11. Weintraub, D; Rosenberg, PB; Drye, LT; Martin, BK; Frangakis, C; Mintzer, JE; Porsteinsson, AP; Schneider, LS; Rabins, PV; Munro, CA; Meinert, CL; Lyketsos, CG; DIADS-2 Research, Group (Apr 2010). "Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease: week-24 outcomes". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 18 (4): 332–40. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cc0333. PMC 2849739. PMID 20220589.
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