Embryokine

Embryokines (Greek: embryuon "embryo" + kinōs "movement") are regulatory molecules produced by the oviduct and endometrium in the reproductive tract that modulate embryonic growth and development.[1][2]

Embryokines include growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1, and activin a transforming growth factor; cytokines such as colony stimulating factor 2,[3][4] WNT regulatory proteins including DKK1;[5] Other small molecule amino acids are included that regulate embryonic development through the mTOR signalling pathway. Prostacyclin 1 can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 6 to increase blastocyst hatching, and cannabinoids that can also act to regulate implantation and development.[2]

References
  1. Hansen PJ, Dobbs KD, Denicol AC (September 2014). "Programming of the preimplantation embryo by the embryokine colony stimulating factor 2". Animal Reproduction Science. 149 (1–2): 59–66. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.05.017. PMID 24954585.
  2. Hansen, PJ; Dobbs, KB; Denicol, AC; Siqueira, LGB (January 2016). "Sex and the preimplantation embryo: implications of sexual dimorphism in the preimplantation period for maternal programming of embryonic development". Cell and Tissue Research. 363 (1): 237–247. doi:10.1007/s00441-015-2287-4. PMC 4703572. PMID 26391275.
  3. Block J, Hansen PJ, Loureiro B, Bonilla L (December 2011). "Improving post-transfer survival of bovine embryos produced in vitro: actions of insulin-like growth factor-1, colony stimulating factor-2 and hyaluronan". Theriogenology. 76 (9): 1602–1609. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.025. PMID 21890189.
  4. Yoshioka K, Suzuki C, Iwamura S (January 2000). "Effects of activin A and follistatin on developmental kinetics of bovine embryos: cinematographic analysis in a chemically defined medium". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 118 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.1180119. PMID 10793633.
  5. Denicol AC, Block J, Kelley KG, Dobbs KB, Mortensen CJ, Ortega MS, Hansen PJ (September 2014). "The WNT signaling antagonist Dickkopf-1 directs lineage commitment and promotes survival of the preimplantation embryo". FASEB Journal. 28 (9): 3975–3986. doi:10.1096/fj.14-253112. PMC 5395727. PMID 24858280.
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