Health action process approach

Models that describe health behavior change can be distinguished in terms of the assumption whether they are continuum-based or stage-based.[7] A continuum (mediator) model claims that change is a continuous process that leads from lack of motivation via action readiness either to successful change or final disengagement. Research on such mediator models are reflected by path diagrams that include distal and proximal predictors of the target behavior. On the other hand, the stage approach assumes that change is non-linear and consists of several qualitative steps that reflect different mindsets of people. A two-layer framework that can be applied either as a continuum or as a stage model is HAPA.[8] It includes self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and risk perception as distal predictors, intention as a middle-level mediator, and volitional factors (such as action planning) as the most proximal predictors of behavior. See Self-efficacy.

Good intentions are more likely to be translated into action when people plan when, where, and how to perform the desired behavior. Intentions foster planning, which in turn facilitates behavior change. Planning was found to mediate the intention-behavior relation.[9] A distinction has been made between action planning and coping planning. Coping planning takes place when people imagine scenarios that hinder them to perform their intended behavior, and they develop one or more plans to cope with such a challenging situation.[10]

HAPA is designed as a sequence of two continuous self-regulatory processes, a goal-setting phase (motivation) and a goal-pursuit phase (volition). The second phase is subdivided into a pre-action phase and an action phase. Thus, one can superimpose these three phases (stages) on the continuum (mediator) model as a second layer, and regard the stages as moderators. This two-layer architecture allows to switch between the continuum model and the stage model, depending on the given research question.

HAPA has five major principles that make it distinct from other models.[8]

Principle 1: Motivation and volition. The first principle suggests that one should divide the health behavior change process into two phases. There is a switch of mindsets when people move from deliberation to action. First comes the motivation phase in which people develop their intentions. Afterwards, they enter the volition phase.

Principle 2: Two volitional phases. In the volition phase there are two groups of individuals: those who have not yet translated their intentions into action, and those who have. There are inactive as well as active persons in this phase. In other words, in the volitional phase one finds intenders as well as actors who are characterized by different psychological states. Thus, in addition to health behavior change as a continuous process, one can also create three categories of people with different mindsets depending on their current point of residence within the course of health behavior change: preintenders, intenders, and actors. The assessment of stages is done by behavior-specific stage algorithms.[11]

Principle 3: Postintentional planning. Intenders who are in the volitional preactional stage are motivated to change, but do not act because they might lack the right skills to translate their intention into action. Planning is a key strategy at this point. Planning serves as an operative mediator between intentions and behavior.

Principle 4: Two kinds of mental simulation. Planning can be divided into action planning and coping planning. Action planning pertains to the when, where, and how of intended action. Coping planning includes the anticipation of barriers and the design of alternative actions that help to attain one's goals in spite of the impediments. The separation of the planning construct into two constructs, action planning and coping planning, has been found useful as studies have confirmed the discriminant validity of such a distinction.[12] Action planning seems to be more important for the initiation of health behaviors, whereas coping planning is required for the initiation and maintenance of actions as well.[13]

Principle 5: Phase-specific self-efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy is required throughout the entire process. However, the nature of self-efficacy differs from phase to phase. This difference relates to the fact that there are different challenges as people progress from one phase to the next one. Goal setting, planning, initiation, action, and maintenance pose challenges that are not of the same nature. Therefore, one should distinguish between preactional self-efficacy, coping self-efficacy, and recovery self-efficacy.[14] Sometimes the terms task self-efficacy instead of preaction self-efficacy, and maintenance self-efficacy instead of coping and recovery self-efficacy are preferred.

When it comes to the design of interventions, one can consider identifying individuals who reside either at the motivational stage or the volitional stage.[15] Then, each group becomes the target of a specific treatment that is tailored to this group. Moreover, it is theoretically meaningful and has been found useful to subdivide further the volitional group into those who perform and those who only intend to perform. In the postintentional preactional stage, individuals are labeled "intenders", whereas in the actional stage they are labeled "actors". Thus, a suitable subdivision within the health behavior change process yields three groups: nonintenders, intenders, and actors.[16] The term "stage" in this context was chosen to allude to the stage theories, but not in the strict definition that includes irreversibility and invariance. The terms "phase" or "mindset" may be equally suitable for this distinction. The basic idea is that individuals pass through different mindsets on their way to behavior change. Thus, interventions may be most efficient when tailored to these particular mindsets. For example, nonintenders are supposed to benefit from confrontation with outcome expectancies and some level of risk communication.[17] They need to learn that the new behavior (e.g., becoming physically active) has positive outcomes (e.g., well-being, weight loss, fun) as opposed to the negative outcomes that accompany the current (sedentary) behavior (such as developing an illness or being unattractive). In contrast, intenders should not benefit from such a treatment because, after setting a goal, they have already moved beyond this mindset. Rather, they should benefit from planning to translate their intentions into action.[18] Finally, actors do not need any treatment at all unless one wants to improve their relapse prevention skills. Then, they should be prepared for particular high-risk situations in which lapses are imminent. Preparation can be exercised by teaching them to anticipate such situations and by acquiring the necessary levels of perceived recovery self-efficacy.[14] There are quite a few randomized controlled trials that have examined the notion of stage-matched interventions based on HAPA, for example in the context of dietary behaviors,[19] physical activity,[20] and dental hygiene.[21]

• Behavioural change theories

• Carvalho, T., Alvarez, M.J., Barz, M., & Schwarzer, R. (2014). Preparatory behavior for condom use among heterosexual young men: A longitudinal mediation model. Health Education and Behavior. Published online: 02 July2014.doi:10.1177/1090198114537066
• Craciun, C., Schüz, N., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2012). A mediator model of sunscreen use: A longitudinal analysis of social-cognitive predictors and mediators. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 65–72. doi:10.1007/s12529-011-9153-x
• Godinho, C., Alvarez, M. J., Lima, M. L., & Schwarzer, R. (2014). Will is Not Enough: Coping Planning and Action Control as Mediators in the Prediction of Fruit and Vegetable Intake. British Journal of Health Psychology. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12084
• Gellert, P., Krupka, S., Ziegelmann, J. P., Knoll, N., & Schwarzer, R. (2014). An Age-Tailored Intervention Sustains Physical Activity Changes in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. ONLINE 17 July 2013. doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9330-1
• Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Lippke, S., Renner, B., Kwon, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). How self-efficacy and planning predict dietary behaviors in Costa Rican and South Korean women: A moderated mediation analysis. Applied Psychology: Health & Well-Being, 1(1), 91–104.
• Lippke, S., Wiedemann, A. U., Ziegelmann, J. P., Reuter, T., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Self-efficacy moderates the mediation of intentions into behavior via plans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 521–529.
• Radtke T, Scholz U, Keller R, Hornung R (2011). Smoking is ok as long as I eat healthily: Compensatory health beliefs and their role for intentions and smoking within the Health Action Process Approach.Psychology and Health, 27(Suppl 2): 91–107.
• Parschau, L., Barz, M., Richert, J., Knoll, N., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2014). Physical Activity among Adults with Obesity: Testing the Health Action Process Approach. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59, 42–49. doi:10.1037/a0035290
• Payaprom, Y., Bennett, P., Alabaster, E., & Tantipong, H. (2011). Using the Health Action Process Approach and Implementation Intention to increase flu vaccination uptake in high risk Thai individuals: A controlled before-after trial. Health Psychology, 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0023580.
• Renner, B., Kwon, S., Yang, B.-H., Paik, K-C., Kim, S. H., Roh, S., Song, J., Schwarzer, R. (2008). Social-cognitive predictors of dietary behaviors in South Korean men and women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(1), 4–13.
• Reuter, T., Ziegelmann, J. P., Wiedemann, A. U., & Lippke, S. (2008). Dietary planning as a mediator of the intention-behavior relation: An experimental-causal-chain design. Applied Psychology: An International Review. Special Issue: Health and Well-Being, 57, 194–297.
• Scholz, U., Sniehotta, F. F., Schüz, B., & Oeberst, A. (2007). Dynamics in self-regulation: Plan-execution self-efficacy and mastery of action plans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2706–2725.
• Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Schüz, B., & Ziegelmann, J. P. (2008). The role of motivational and volitional factors for self-regulated running training: Associations on the between- and within-person level. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 421–439.
• Schwarzer, R. & Luszczynska, A. (2015). Health Action Process Approach. In M. Conner, & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting health behaviours (pp. 252–278). 3rd edition. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw Hill Open University Press.
• Teng, Y. & Mak, W. W. S. (2011). The Role of Planning and Self-Efficacy in Condom Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach Model. Health Psychology, 2011, 30, 119–128. doi:10.1037/a0022023
• Wiedemann, A. U., Lippke, S., Reuter, T., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Schüz, B. (2011). The more the better? The number of plans predicts health behaviour change. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 87–106. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01042.x
• Wiedemann, A. U., Lippke, S., Reuter, T., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Schwarzer, R. (2011). How planning facilitates behaviour change: Additive and interactive effects of a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 42–51. doi:10.1002/ejsp.724
• Zhou, G., Gan, Y., Ke, Q., Knoll, N., Lonsdale, C., & Schwarzer, R. (2016). Avoiding exposure to air pollution by using filtering facemask respirators: An application of the Health Action Process Approach. Health Psychology, 35, 141–147.doi:10.1037/hea0000264
• Zhang, C.-Q., Zhang, R., Schwarzer, R., & Hagger, M. S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the health action process approach. Health Psychology, 38(7), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000728

• Official Homepage of Ralf Schwarzer (Explaining Hapa with pdf and Video)