Health effects of wood smoke

Wood smoke is a major source of air pollution,[1][2][3][4] especially particulate pollution,[2]pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[5] and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)[2] such as formaldehyde.[6]

Severity in cities

In the United Kingdom domestic combustion, especially for industrial uses, is the largest single source of PM2.5 annually.[7][8] In some towns and cities in New South Wales, wood smoke mostly from fired heaters may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter.[9] A year-long sampling campaign in Athens, Greece found a third (31%) of PAH urban air pollution to be caused by wood-burning, roughly as much as that of diesel and oil (33%) and gasoline (29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH lung cancer-risk compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, presumably due to an increased use of fireplaces and heaters. The largest exposure events are periods during the winter with reduced atmospheric dispersion to dilute the accumulated pollution , in particular due to the low wind speeds.[5]

Detrimental health effects

Wood smoke (for example from wildfires) can cause lung damage,[10][11] artery damage and DNA damage[12] leading to cancer,[13][14] other respiratory and lung disease and cardiovascular disease.[9][15] Air pollution, particulate matter and wood smoke may also indirectly cause brain damage because of particulates breaching the cardiovascular system and into the brain,[16][17][18][19] which can increase the risk of developmental disorders,[20][21][22][23] neurodegenerative disorders[24][25] mental disorders,[26][27][28] and suicidal behavior,[26][28] although studies on the link between depression and some air pollutants are not consistent.[29] At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM)."[30] Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems.[27]

See also

  • Household air pollution
  • Wildfire

References

  1. EPA, NSW. "reducing-wood-smoke-emissions". NSW Environment Protection Authority.
  2. "Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment.
  3. "Wood smoke major source of pollution in winter" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 2007. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  4. "Air pollution and health" (PDF). healthywa.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  5. Tsiodra, Irini; Grivas, Georgios; Tavernaraki, Kalliopi; Bougiatioti, Aikaterini; Apostolaki, Maria; Paraskevopoulou, Despina; Gogou, Alexandra; Parinos, Constantine; Oikonomou, Konstantina; Tsagkaraki, Maria; Zarmpas, Pavlos; Nenes, Athanasios; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos (7 December 2021). "Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (23): 17865–17883. Bibcode:2021ACP....2117865T. doi:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021. ISSN 1680-7316. S2CID 245103794.
  6. US EPA, OAR (May 28, 2013). "Wood Smoke and Your Health". US EPA.
  7. Hawkes, N. (22 May 2015). "Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away". BMJ. 350 (may22 1): h2757. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2757. PMID 26001592. S2CID 40717317.
  8. Carrington, Damian (2021-02-16). "Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
  9. "Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets". www.health.nsw.gov.au.
  10. "Wood smoke and your health". Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. November 16, 2009.
  11. "Wood stove pollution is a burning issue". www.iatp.org.
  12. Danielsen, Pernille Høgh; Møller, Peter; Jensen, Keld Alstrup; Sharma, Anoop Kumar; Wallin, Håkan; Bossi, Rossana; Autrup, Herman; Mølhave, Lars; Ravanat, Jean-Luc; Briedé, Jacob Jan; de Kok, Theo Martinus; Loft, Steffen (18 February 2011). "Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammation Induced by Ambient Air and Wood Smoke Particulate Matter in Human A549 and THP-1 Cell Lines". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 24 (2): 168–184. doi:10.1021/tx100407m. PMID 21235221. S2CID 11668269.
  13. Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality". Environmental Research. 173: 462–468. Bibcode:2019ER....173..462N. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060. PMID 30981117. S2CID 108987257.
  14. "Don't underestimate the health dangers of wood smoke".
  15. Bede-Ojimadu, Onyinyechi; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere (20 March 2020). "Exposure to Wood Smoke and Associated Health Effects in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review". Annals of Global Health. 86 (1): 32. doi:10.5334/aogh.2725. PMC 7082829. PMID 32211302.
  16. Peeples, Lynne (June 23, 2020). "News Feature: How air pollution threatens brain health". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (25): 13856–13860. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713856P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2008940117. PMC 7322062. PMID 32493753.
  17. "Air pollution particles in young brains linked to Alzheimer's damage". the Guardian. October 6, 2020.
  18. "Air Pollution May Damage People's Brains". The Scientist Magazine®.
  19. "Stanford study shows wood smoke can harm the brain". ABC7 San Francisco. December 2, 2017.
  20. Flores-Pajot, Marie-Claire; Ofner, Marianna; Do, Minh T.; Lavigne, Eric; Villeneuve, Paul J. (November 2016). "Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis". Environmental Research. 151: 763–776. Bibcode:2016ER....151..763F. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.030. PMID 27609410.
  21. Chun, HeeKyoung; Leung, Cheryl; Wen, Shi Wu; McDonald, Judy; Shin, Hwashin H. (January 2020). "Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Environmental Pollution. 256: 113307. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113307. PMID 31733973.
  22. Lam, Juleen; Sutton, Patrice; Kalkbrenner, Amy; Windham, Gayle; Halladay, Alycia; Koustas, Erica; Lawler, Cindy; Davidson, Lisette; Daniels, Natalyn; Newschaffer, Craig; Woodruff, Tracey (21 September 2016). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161851. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161851L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161851. PMC 5031428. PMID 27653281.
  23. Weisskopf, Marc G.; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Roberts, Andrea L. (December 2015). "Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?". Current Environmental Health Reports. 2 (4): 430–439. doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9. PMC 4737505. PMID 26399256.
  24. Fu, Pengfei; Yung, Ken Kin Lam (15 September 2020). "Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 77 (2): 701–714. doi:10.3233/JAD-200483. PMID 32741830. S2CID 220942039.
  25. Tsai, Tsung-Lin; Lin, Yu-Ting; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Nakayama, Shoji F.; Tsai, Chon-Haw; Sun, Xian-Liang; Ma, Chaochen; Jung, Chau-Ren (October 2019). "Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis". Environmental Research. 177: 108638. Bibcode:2019ER....177j8638T. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108638. PMID 31421449. S2CID 201057595.
  26. Braithwaite, Isobel; Zhang, Shuo; Kirkbride, James B.; Osborn, David P. J.; Hayes, Joseph F. (December 2019). "Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Environmental Health Perspectives. 127 (12): 126002. doi:10.1289/EHP4595. PMC 6957283. PMID 31850801.
  27. Lu, Jackson G (April 2020). "Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects". Current Opinion in Psychology. 32: 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024. PMID 31557706. S2CID 199147061.
  28. Liu, Qisijing; Wang, Wanzhou; Gu, Xuelin; Deng, Furong; Wang, Xueqin; Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Xinbiao; Wu, Shaowei (February 2021). "Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (8): 9029–9049. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3. PMID 33481201. S2CID 231677095.
  29. Fan, Shu-Jun; Heinrich, Joachim; Bloom, Michael S.; Zhao, Tian-Yu; Shi, Tong-Xing; Feng, Wen-Ru; Sun, Yi; Shen, Ji-Chuan; Yang, Zhi-Cong; Yang, Bo-Yi; Dong, Guang-Hui (January 2020). "Ambient air pollution and depression: A systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019". Science of the Total Environment. 701: 134721. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.701m4721F. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721. PMID 31715478. S2CID 207944384.
  30. Maher, Barbara A.; Ahmed, Imad A. M.; Karloukovski, Vassil; MacLaren, Donald A.; Foulds, Penelope G.; Allsop, David; Mann, David M. A.; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Calderon-Garciduenas, Lilian (27 September 2016). "Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (39): 10797–10801. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11310797M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605941113. PMC 5047173. PMID 27601646.
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