Image-guided surgery

Image-guided surgery (IGS) is any surgical procedure where the surgeon uses tracked surgical instruments in conjunction with preoperative or intraoperative images in order to directly or indirectly guide the procedure. Image guided surgery systems use cameras, ultrasonic, electromagnetic or a combination or fields to capture and relay the patient's anatomy and the surgeon's precise movements in relation to the patient, to computer monitors in the operating room or to augmented reality headsets (augmented reality surgical navigation technology).[1][2][3] This is generally performed in real-time though there may be delays of seconds or minutes depending on the modality and application.

Image-guided surgery helps surgeons perform safer and less invasive procedures and has become a recognized standard of care in managing disorders including cranial, otorhinolaryngology, spine, orthopedic, and cardiovascular.[4]

Benefits

The benefits of Image-guided surgery include greater control of the surgical procedure, real-time feedback on the effect of the intervention, reduced tissue trauma and disruption in gaining access to the anatomical structure. Image-guided surgery allows for: reduced post-operative neural deficits and adverse events associated with endovenous laser ablative procedures,[5] and more effective removal of brain tumors that were once considered inoperable due to their size or location.[6]

Applications

During image-guided surgery, the procedure is guided by preoperative or intraoperative imaging. Image-guided surgery has been applied to procedures involving on multiple organs such as the brain, spine, pelvis/hip, knee, lung, breast, liver, and prostate.[7]

Part of the wider field of computer-assisted surgery, image-guided surgery can take place in hybrid operating rooms using intraoperative imaging. A hybrid operating room is a surgical theatre that is equipped with advanced medical imaging devices such as fixed C-Arms, CT scanners or MRI scanners. Most image-guided surgical procedures are minimally invasive. A field of medicine that pioneered and specializes in minimally invasive image-guided surgery is interventional radiology.

A hand-held surgical probe is an essential component of any image-guided surgery system as it provides the surgeon with a map of the designated area.[8] During the surgical procedure, the IGS tracks the probe position and displays the anatomy beneath it as, for example, three orthogonal image slices on a workstation-based 3D imaging system. Existing IGS systems use different tracking techniques including mechanical, optical, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic.

When fluorescence modality is adopted to such devices, the technique is also called fluorescence image-guided surgery.

Image-guided surgery using medical ultrasound utilises sounds waves and as such does not require the protection and safety precautions necessary with ionising radiation modalities such as fluoroscopy, CT, X-Ray and tomography. Optical topographic imaging using structured light and machine vision stereoscopic cameras has been applied in neurosurgical navigation systems to reduce the use of intraoperative ionising radiation as well.[9]

Modern image-guided surgery systems are often combined with robotics.[7]

Neurosurgery

The various applications of navigation for neurosurgery have been widely used and reported for almost two decades.[6] According to a study in 2000, researchers were already anticipating that a significant portion of neurosurgery would be performed using computer-based interventions.[10] Recent advancements in ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) allow for real-time cross sectional mapping of vessels and lateral tissues providing calibrated measurements of vessel diameters, contours and morphology.

Image-guided surgery was originally developed for treatment of brain tumors using stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery that are guided by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) via technologies such as the N-localizer[11] and Sturm-Pastyr localizer.[12]

Image-guided surgery systems are also used in spine surgery to guide the placement of implants and avoid damaging the nearby neurovascular structures.[7]

Orthopedics

A mini-optical navigation system has been developed that makes real-time measurements to guide surgeons during total hip arthroplasty procedures.[7] This image-guide surgery system involves a patient-mounted camera and a tracker for positional detection by the camera when mounted on surgical instruments or anatomical locations.[7]

Urology

Image-guided surgery based on MRI is used to guide prostatic biopsy.[7] Image guidance is used to assist surgeons with identifying anatomic landmarks and surgical planes between the prostate and neurovascular bundles during nerve-sparing procedures.[7] This can help reduce negative effects of the procedure like sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence.[7]

See also

References
  1. "ClarifEye". Philips.
  2. "Surgical Navigation Technology Based on Augmented Reality and Integrated 3D Intraoperative Imaging: A Spine Cadaveric Feasibility and Accuracy Study".
  3. "10 Augmented Reality Surgery Companies". 24 October 2019.
  4. "Surgery and Treatment -". Dedicated Computing. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  5. Grace J, Wang Y, Robinson D, Tahuil C, Xu R (2018). Retrospective Analysis: Collateral nerve damage and local tissue trauma associated with endovenous laser ablation therapy. Ultrasound Guided Endovenous Laser Ablation Union International de Phlebology World Congress. Melbourne Australia.
  6. Mezger U, Jendrewski C, Bartels M (April 2013). "Navigation in surgery". Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 398 (4): 501–14. doi:10.1007/s00423-013-1059-4. PMC 3627858. PMID 23430289.
  7. Abedin-Nasab, Mohammad (2019), Handbook of Robotic and Image-Guided Surgery (1 ed.), Elsevier, ISBN 9780128142455
  8. "Image-Guided Surgery". care.american-rhinologic.org. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  9. Jakubovic R, Guha D, Gupta S, Lu M, Jivraj J, Standish BA, et al. (October 2018). "High Speed, High Density Intraoperative 3D Optical Topographical Imaging with Efficient Registration to MRI and CT for Craniospinal Surgical Navigation". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 14894. Bibcode:2018NatSR...814894J. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32424-z. PMC 6173775. PMID 30291261.
  10. Kelly PJ (January 2000). "Stereotactic surgery: what is past is prologue". Neurosurgery. 46 (1): 16–27. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.16. PMID 10626931.
  11. Galloway, RL Jr. (2015). "Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery". In Golby, AJ (ed.). Image-Guided Neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 2–4. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800870-6.00001-7. ISBN 978-0-12-800870-6.
  12. Sturm V, Pastyr O, Schlegel W, Scharfenberg H, Zabel HJ, Netzeband G, Schabbert S, Berberich W (1983). "Stereotactic computer tomography with a modified Riechert-Mundinger device as the basis for integrated stereotactic neuroradiological investigations". Acta Neurochirurgica. 68 (1–2): 11–17. doi:10.1007/BF01406197. PMID 6344559. S2CID 38864553.

Further reading
  • Khan FR, Henderson JM (2013). "Deep Brain Stimulation Surgical Techniques". In Lozano AM, Hallet M (eds.). Brain Stimulation: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 116. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 28–30.
  • Arle J (2009). "Development of a Classic: the Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames". In Lozano AM, Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds.). Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 456–461.
  • Abedin-Nasab M (2019). "Machine-Vision Image-Guided Techniques for Spinal and Cranial Procedures". Handbook of Robotic and Image-Guided Surgery (1 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 551–574. ISBN 9780128142462.
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