Karenia papilionacea

Karenia papilionacea is a species from the genus Karenia, which are dinoflagellates. It was first discovered in New Zealand.[1]

Karenia papilionacea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Chromista
Superphylum: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Superclass: Dinoflagellata
Class: Dinophyceae
Order: Gymnodiniales
Family: Kareniaceae
Genus: Karenia
Species:
K. papilionacea
Binomial name
Karenia papilionacea
Haywood et al.

Description

Common to the genus Karenia, this species shares morphological characters such as a smooth theca and a linear apical groove on its apex. At the same time, this species can be distinguished from its cogenerates on the basis of morphological characteristics within its vegetative cells, including the location and shape of its nucleus; the excavation of its hypotheca; the characteristics of its apical and sulcal groove extensions on the epitheca; the shape of its cells, as well as their size and symmetry; the degree of dorsoventral compression; and the presence of an apical carina.

Species that present said dorsoventral compression are shown to swim in a distinctive fluttering motion.[2][3]

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA indicates Karenia papilionacea, together with K. selliformis and K. bicuneiformis, is closely related to K. mikimotoi and K. brevis.[1]

References
  1. Haywood, Allison J.; Steidinger, Karen A.; Truby, Earnest W.; Bergquist, Patricia R.; Bergquist, Peter L.; Adamson, Janet; Mackenzie, Lincoln (2004). "Comparative Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Three New Species of the Genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand1". Journal of Phycology. 40 (1): 165–179. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-149.x. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 83753181.
  2. Rhodes, Lesley, and Susie Wood. "Micro-algal and Cyanobacterial Producers of Biotoxins." Toxins and Biologically Active Compounds from Microalgae 1 (2014): 21.
  3. Kamykowski, D., E. J. Milligan, and R. E. Reed. "Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates."Journal of Plankton Research 20.9 (1998): 1781-1796.

Further reading
  • Steidinger, Karen A., Jennifer L. Wolny, and Allison J. Haywood. "Identification of Kareniaceae (Dinophyceae) in the Gulf of Mexico.(With 9 figures and 1 table)." Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 133 (2008): 269.
  • Yeung, P. K. K., et al. "Characterization of a Karenia papilionacea-like dinoflagellate from the South China Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85.04 (2005): 779-781.
  • Gómez, Fernando. "The dinoflagellate genera Brachidinium, Asterodinium, Microceratium and Karenia in the open SE Pacific Ocean." Algae 21.4 (2006): 445-452.


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