Lazaretto

A lazaretto /ˌlæzəˈrɛtoʊ/ or lazaret (from Italian: lazzaretto [laddzaˈretto] a diminutive form of the Italian word for beggar cf. lazzaro) is a quarantine station for maritime travellers. Lazarets can be ships permanently at anchor, isolated islands, or mainland buildings. In some lazarets, postal items were also disinfected, usually by fumigation.[1] This practice was still being done as late as 1936, albeit in rare cases.[2] A leper colony administered by a Christian religious order was often called a lazar house, after the parable of Lazarus the beggar.

Principal entrance to the lazaretto on Mahón

Throughout history
Lazzaretto of Manoel Island, Malta
The wall at the quarantine station of Odderøya, intended to keep locals away from the plague sick.

In 1592, a lazaretto made of wooden huts was built on Manoel Island in Malta during a plague epidemic. It was pulled down in 1593 after the disease had subsided. In 1643, Grandmaster Lascaris built a permanent Lazzaretto in the same place to control the periodic influx of plague and cholera on board visiting ships. The hospital was subsequently improved over time, and was enlarged during the governorship of Sir Henry Bouverie in 1837 and 1838. The hospital was closed in 1929 and building still exists to this day.[3] There are plans for the restoration of the Manoel Island Lazaretto.[4]

Africans trafficked to Savannah, Georgia during the days of slavery typically had to wait at a quarantine station on Tybee Island, which the slave ships accessed by way of Lazaretto Creek.

Lazaretto Island (formerly known as Aghios Dimitrios) is located two nautical miles north-east of Corfu (39.641°N 19.924°E / 39.641; 19.924). In the early 16th century, when Corfu was under Venetian rule, a monastery was established on the islet for prevention of diseases. Later that century, the island was renamed Lazaretto, after the leprosarium that was set up there. In 1798, when the French ruled Corfu, the Russo-Turkish fleet took over the islet and ran it as a military hospital. In 1814, during the British occupation, the leprosarium was renovated and went into operation again. After the Ionian Islands were united with Greece (1864), the leprosarium only operated when needed.

Lazaretto Islet survives on Ithaca and another on Zakynthos.

According to Edward Hasted in 1798, two large hospital ships (also called lazarettos), (which were the surviving hulks of forty-four gun ships) were moored in Halstow Creek in Kent. The creek is an inlet from the River Medway and the River Thames. The hospital ships watched over ships coming to England which were forced to stay in the creek under quarantine to protect the country from infectious diseases, including the plague.[5]

Fidra, an uninhabited island in the Firth of Forth in eastern Scotland, has the ruins of an old chapel, dedicated to St. Nicholas, which was used as a lazaretto.[6]

During the Nazi occupation of Poland, the German-run Treblinka extermination camp had a pit where new arrivals who were severely ill would be shot; the staff's euphemistic name for this area was the lazaret.

As of 2002, one of the few remaining lazarets in Europe are Lazzarettos of Dubrovnik, Croatia.[7]

The lazaretto at the historic Columbia River Quarantine Station near Knappton, Washington

In the United States, the Philadelphia Lazaretto was built in 1799 as a response to the 1793 yellow fever outbreak.[8] The Columbia River Quarantine Station located across the river from Astoria, Oregon, also has a remaining example of a government built lazaretto constructed in 1912 by the US Marine Hospital Service. The lazaretto building is currently a museum dedicated to telling the story of station and its impact on the region.

Italy

The first lazaret was established by Venice in 1423[9] on Santa Maria di Nazareth (also called "Nazaretum" or "Lazaretum", today "Lazzaretto Vecchio"), an island in the Venetian Lagoon (45.406°N 12.36°E / 45.406; 12.36).[10] Additionally there is Lazzaretto Nuovo, also in the lagoon.

Pope Clement XII commissioned the architect Vanvitelli to design and build the Lazzaretto of Ancona at the south end of the Ancona harbor.

Vanvitelli's Lazzaretto in Ancona

The Lazzaretto di Milano in Milan features prominently in Alessandro Manzoni's I promessi sposi.

Ireland

The Old Gaol at Market Square Roscommon was used as a lazaretto for ten years from 1830 following its use as a Lunatic Asylum, and prior to its use as a commercial and private residence.

See also
  • Leper colony – Place to isolate people with leprosy
  • Order of Saint Lazarus – Roman Catholic military order founded by crusaders around 1119
  • San Lazzaro degli Armeni, also known as Saint Lazarus Island – Small island in the Venetian Lagoon
  • Villefranche-sur-Mer – Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
  • HMS Dreadnought (1801) – Ship of the line of the Royal Navy
  • Spinalonga
  • Lazareto (disambiguation)
  • Social distancing – Infection control technique by keeping a distance from each other

References
  1. "The Disinfection of Postal Items". C. Savona-Ventura. Archived from the original on 2005-01-22. Retrieved March 27, 2005.
  2. Cassar, Paul (1984). "A Tour of the Lazzaretto Buildings" (PDF). Melita Historica. 9 (4): 374–75.
  3. "Manoel Island". Local Councils' Association. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  4. Bugeja, Zillah (4 September 2008). "Quarantine hospital for over 250 years to be restored". Times of Malta. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  5. Hasted, Edward (1799). "Parishes". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 6: 34–40. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  6. "Faifley - Fifeshire | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  7. "AMERICAN EXPRESS AND PBZ AMERICAN EXPRESS ANNOUNCE U.S. $80,000 GRANT FOR RESTORATION OF THE LAZARET IN DUBROVNIK". American Express. Archived from the original on March 7, 2005. Retrieved March 27, 2005.
  8. "Lazaretto Quarantine Station". www.ushistory.org.
  9. D. Chambers, B. Pullman, "Venice: A Documentary History 1450-1630" p.114
  10. "Google Maps". Google Maps.
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