Not Otherwise Specified

In medicine, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) is a subcategory in systems of disease/disorder classification such as ICD-9, ICD-10, or DSM-IV. It is generally used to note the presence of an illness where the symptoms presented were sufficient to make a general diagnosis, but where a specific diagnosis was not made. The DSM-IV, for example, "applies the term not otherwise specified (NOS) to a disorder or disturbance that does not meet the criteria for the specific disorders already discussed".[1] The term was introduced because "it is sometimes impossible for the practitioner completing the diagnostic assessment to categorize all the symptoms that a client is experiencing into one diagnostic category".[2] In the context of mental health diagnoses, four situations have been outlined for which such a diagnosis may be considered appropriate:

1. Client meets the general guidelines for a disorder, yet not all of the criteria are met, or the ones present are not considered clinically significant.
2. Significant behaviors are noted affecting social and occupational functioning, but are not considered part of the usual presentation for a disorder.
3. Uncertainty about etiology or the cause of the disorder exists. This is especially important when it is suspected that the disorder may be related to a general medical condition.
4. Insufficient information exists to fully support assigning behaviors to a particular mental disorder in the category, but the general criteria for the category of disorders are evident.[2]

It is noted, however, that the use of an NOS classification invites scrutiny when billing or seeking reimbursement for practitioners.[2]