Omental infarction

Omental infarction, or omental torsion, is an acute vascular disorder which compromises tissue of the greater omentum—the largest peritoneal fold in the abdomen.

Omental infarction
Greater omentum covers the intestines.
SpecialtyGastroenterology 
Symptomsacute colicky abdominal pain, vomiting
Complicationsomental torsion
Usual onsetacute
Typesprimary and secondary
Causesredundant omental veins
Risk factorspolycythemia, hypercoagulopathy, vasculitidis,
Diagnostic methodomental torsion
Differential diagnosisacute appendicitis, acute diverticulitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, panniculitis, acute cholecystitis
Treatmentconservative/surgical
Medicationanalgesics, antibiotics
Prognosisgood
Frequencyrare
Deathsvery rare

Signs and symptoms

Patients will present with a sudden onset of cramps/abdominal pain or a 'stitch'. The pain localises in the area of the umbilicus and can radiate to the lumbar and surrounding regions.[1]

Causes

Omental infarction is a rare cause of acute abdomen pain with reported incidence being less than 4 per 1000 cases of appendicitis. Omental infarction usually presents as right-sided abdominal pain although seldom causing left-sided abdominal pain and even epigastric pain. The dominion of right-sided abdominal pain in omental infarction has been attributed to right segmental infarction as a result of the tenuous blood vessels in this part of the omentum as well as its longer size and higher mobility in comparison to the left side which subjects it to torsion. Obesity is a known risk factor for omental infarction. The theory behind this is that fat accumulation within the omentum occludes blood supply to the distal parts of the omentum in addition to making it more susceptible to torsion. Other risk factors for omental infarction are polycythemia, hypercoagulability, and vasculitides plus other conditions which predispose to torsion such as trauma, sudden body movements, coughing, heavy food intake, and hyperperistalsis.[2]

Historically, omental infarction was diagnosed only intraoperatively during surgery for presumed appendicitis or other causes of acute abdomen. But with the increase in the use of imaging, especially abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan in the work-up for acute abdomen, more cases of omental infarction are being diagnosed preoperatively. This has also led to the observation that omental infarction is a self-limiting condition which can be managed conservatively. Currently, conservative management and surgery are the only treatment options for omental infarction with no consensus as to the best treatment modality. Having both acute appendicitis and omental infarction is extremely rare with only two cases reported in the literature: one in an adult female and the other in a 7-year-old girl.[2]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is usually inferred from abdominal CT scan which shows a localised inflammatory-appearing mass of omentum .

Treatment

Conservative treatment may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, and pain medication.

See also

References
  1. Barai, Kushal P.; Knight, Benjamin C. (2011-04-05). "Diagnosis and management of idiopathic omental infarction: A case report". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2 (6): 138–140. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2011.02.014. ISSN 2210-2612. PMC 3199678. PMID 22096707.
  2. Mani, Vishnu R.; Razdan, Shantanu; Orach, Tonny; Kalabin, Aleksandr; Patel, Rinil; Elsaadi, Ali; Sullivan, Kiyoe; Gattorno, Federico (7 April 2019). "Omental Infarction with Acute Appendicitis in an Overweight Young Female: A Rare Presentation". Case Reports in Surgery. 2019: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2019/8053931. PMC 6476035. PMID 31093415. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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