Open Dialogue
Open Dialogue is an alternative approach[1] for treating psychosis as well as other mental health disorders developed in the 1980s in Finland by Yrjö Alanen and his collaborators.[2] Open dialogue interventions are currently being trialed in several other countries including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, the United Kingdom,[3] and the United States.[4] In Israel there is an NGO called Open Dialogue Israel. [5]
Key principles of the open dialogue method include: the participation of friends and family, responding to the client's utterances (which may seem nonsensical in the case of psychosis), trying to make meaning of what a client has to say, and "tolerating uncertainty".[6]
Theoretical basis
In a paper illustrating the Open dialogue method Seikkula, Alakar and Aaltonen postulate that "from the social constructionist point of view, psychosis can be seen as one way of dealing with terrifying experience in one's life that do not have language other than the one of hallucinations and delusions" and that "psychotic reactions should be seen [as] attempts to make sense of one's experiences that are so heavy that they have made it impossible to construct a rational spoken narrative" arguing that people may talk about such experiences in metaphor.[7]
They offer a model that "psychotic reactions greatly resemble traumatic experiences" with experiences of victimization "not being stored in the part of the memory system that promotes sense-making". Postulating that "an open dialogue, without any preplanned themes or forms seems to be important in enabling the construction of a new language in which to express difficult events in one's life."[7]
This understanding differs radically from common psychiatric models of psychosis that view it as being caused by a biological process in the brain, such as the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Effectiveness
A systematic review of academic publications on the topic in 2018 concluded that: "most studies were highly biased and of low quality" and that "further studies are needed in a real-world setting to explore how and why [open dialogue] works."[4]
References
- Larkin, Michael; Boden, Zoë; Newton, Elizabeth (30 May 2017). "If psychosis were cancer: a speculative comparison". Medical Humanities. 43 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1136/medhum-2016-011091. PMC 5520006. PMID 28559369.
- Aaltonen, Jukka; Seikkula, Jaakko; Lehtinen, Klaus (2011). "The Comprehensive Open-Dialogue Approach in Western Lapland: I. The incidence of non-affective psychosis and prodromal states". Psychosis. Informa UK Limited. 3 (3): 179–191. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.601750. ISSN 1752-2439. S2CID 143466250.
- "Open Dialogue: The radical new treatment having life-changing effects on people's mental health". The Independent. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- Freeman, Abigail M.; Tribe, Rachel H.; Stott, Joshua C. H.; Pilling, Stephen (2019). "Open Dialogue: A Review of the Evidence". Psychiatric Services. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. 70 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800236. ISSN 1075-2730. PMID 30332925.
- "Open Dialogue Israel".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Mary Olson, Ph.D.*Jaakko Seikkula, Ph.D.#Douglas Ziedonis, M.D., MPH*. "THE KEY ELEMENTS OF DIALOGIC PRACTICE IN OPEN DIALOGUE: FIDELITY CRITERIA" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - Seikkula, Birgitta Alakare, Jukka A, Jaakko (2001). "Open Dialogue in Psychosis I: An Introduction and Case Illustration". Journal of Constructivist Psychology. Informa UK Limited. 14 (4): 247–265. doi:10.1080/10720530125965. ISSN 1072-0537. S2CID 216136239.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)