Ovariectomized rat

An ovariectomized rodent (OVX) is a female rat or mouse whose ovaries have been removed. Currently there is no single animal model that identically represents the stages of osteoporosis in humans [1] although there are some animals that are relatively close and can be used for the purpose of comparison. Both small animals and large animals are used depending on which aspects of the osteoporotic condition are being studied. Such animals include rats, rabbits, and sheep.

Of these animal models, the ovariectomised rat model remains the most popular choice as it has been validated to represent the most important clinical features of estrogen deficiency-induced (or postmenopausal) bone loss in the adult human,[2] particularly during the early stages of osteoporosis.[3] These include: increased rate of bone turnover with resorption exceeding formation; an initial rapid phase of bone loss followed by a much slower phase; greater loss of cancellous bone than cortical bone; reduced intestinal calcium absorption; some protection against bone loss by obesity; and similar skeletal response to therapy with estrogen, tamoxifen, bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and exercise.[4]

It also offers certain advantages compared the other animal models like rabbits and sheep. These include the ability to use peripheral micro-computed tomography (pQmicro-CT) in in vivo micro-CT to perform in vivo analyses,[5] cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling and housing.[2] Because of these considerations, the OVX rat model is widely used for the studies relating to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in general as well as studies relating to the healing of osteoporotic fractures.[4]

References

Thompson DD, Simmons HA, Pirie CM, Ke HZ (October 1995). "FDA Guidelines and animal models for osteoporosis". Bone. 17 (4 Suppl): 125S–133S. doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00285-L. PMID 8579908.
An YH; Freidman RJ. (1998). Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 284.
Namkung-Matthai H, Appleyard R, Jansen J, Hao Lin J, Maastricht S, Swain M, Mason RS, Murrell GA, Diwan AD, Diamond T (January 2001). "Osteoporosis influences the early period of fracture healing in a rat osteoporotic model". Bone. 28 (1): 80–6. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00414-2. PMID 11165946.
Kalu DN (December 1991). "The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss". Bone Miner. 15 (3): 175–91. doi:10.1016/0169-6009(91)90124-I. PMID 1773131.
Van Linden JC; Waarsing JH; Weinans H. (2006). "The use of micro-CT to study bone architecture dynamics noninvasively". Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 3 (2): 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.06.006.

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[pmid8579908-1] Thompson DD, Simmons HA, Pirie CM, Ke HZ (October 1995). "FDA Guidelines and animal models for osteoporosis". Bone. 17 (4 Suppl): 125S–133S. doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00285-L. PMID 8579908.

[An-2] An YH; Freidman RJ. (1998). Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 284.

[pmid11165946-3] Namkung-Matthai H, Appleyard R, Jansen J, Hao Lin J, Maastricht S, Swain M, Mason RS, Murrell GA, Diwan AD, Diamond T (January 2001). "Osteoporosis influences the early period of fracture healing in a rat osteoporotic model". Bone. 28 (1): 80–6. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00414-2. PMID 11165946.

[pmid1773131-4] Kalu DN (December 1991). "The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss". Bone Miner. 15 (3): 175–91. doi:10.1016/0169-6009(91)90124-I. PMID 1773131.

[Van_Linden-5] Van Linden JC; Waarsing JH; Weinans H. (2006). "The use of micro-CT to study bone architecture dynamics noninvasively". Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 3 (2): 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.06.006.