Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a diatom. It is the only species in the genus Phaeodactylum. Unlike other diatoms, P. tricornutum can exist in different morphotypes (fusiform, triradiate, and oval) and changes in cell shape can be stimulated by environmental conditions.[1] This feature can be used to explore the molecular basis of cell shape control and morphogenesis. Unlike most diatoms, P. tricornutum can grow in the absence of silicon and can survive without making silicified frustules.[2] This provides opportunities for experimental exploration of silicon-based nanofabrication in diatoms.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Scientific classification
(unranked):
SAR
Superphylum:
Heterokonta
Class:
Bacillariophyceae
Order:
Bacillariales
Suborder:
Phaeodactylineae
Family:
Phaeodactylaceae
Genus:
Phaeodactylum
Species:
P. tricornutum
Binomial name
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Bohlin, 1897

Another peculiarity is that during asexual reproduction the frustules do not appear to become smaller. This allows continuous culture without need for sexual reproduction. It is not known if P. tricornutum can reproduce sexually. To date no substantial evidence has been found to support sexual reproduction in a laboratory or other setting. Although P. tricornutum can be considered to be an atypical pennate diatom, it is one of the main diatom model species. A transformation protocol has been established and RNAi vectors are available.[3][4] This makes molecular genetic studies much easier.

History
Original drawings of P. tricornutum by Bohlin

Phaeodactylum tricornutum was first described in the triradiate morphotype by Bohlin in 1897.[5] Recordings of the first cultures of P. tricornutum were published by Allen and Nelson in 1910, although it was misidentified as Nitzschia colsterium,W. Sm., forma miuntissima.[6] The isolate was later correctly revised as P. tricorntum by J.C. Lewin in 1958.[7] This strain among other later isolates are still maintained in culture collections around the world.[8]

Genome sequencing

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is one of three diatoms whose genome has been sequenced (the others being Thalassiosira pseudonana and Fragilariopsis cylindrus). The genome contains approximately 10% prokaryote-like genes, an unusually large proportion. Over 30000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been organized into the Diatom EST Database.[9]

Phaeodactylum tricornutum has emerged as a potential microalgal energy source. It grows rapidly and storage lipids constitute about 20-30% of its dry cell weight under standard culture conditions.[10][11] Nitrogen limitation can induce neutral lipid accumulation in P. tricornutum, indicating possible strategies for improving microalgal biodiesel production .

See also

References
  1. De Martino, A; Meichenin, A; Shi, J; Pan, KH; Bowler, C (2007). "Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) accessions". Journal of Phycology. 43 (5): 992–1009. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00384.x.
  2. Chuang, Chia-Ying; Santschi, Peter H.; Jiang, Yuelu; Ho, Yi-Fang; Quigg, Antonietta; Guo, Laodong; Ayranov, Marin; Schumann, Dorothea (2014-06-20). "Important role of biomolecules from diatoms in the scavenging of particle-reactive radionuclides of thorium, protactinium, lead, polonium, and beryllium in the ocean: A case study with Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Limnology and Oceanography. 59 (4): 1256–1266. doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1256. ISSN 0024-3590.
  3. Apt, K. E.; et al. (1996). "Molecular and General Genetics Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Molecular and General Genetics. 252 (5): 572–579. doi:10.1007/BF02172403. PMID 8914518.
  4. De Riso, V; Raniello, R.; Maumus, F.; Rogato, A.; Bowler, C.; Falciatore, A. (2009). "Gene silencing in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Nucleic Acids Res. 37 (14): e96. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp448. PMC 2724275. PMID 19487243.
  5. Bohlin, von K. (1897). Zur Morphologie und Biologie einzelliger Algen. p. 520.
  6. Allen, E. J.; Nelson, E.W. (1910). On the Artificial Culture of Marine Plankton Organisms. pp. 421–74.
  7. Lewin, J.C. (1958). "The taxonomic position of Phaeodactylum tricornutum". J. Gen. Microb. (18): 427–32.
  8. De Martino, Alessandra; Meichenin, Agnes; Shi, Juan; Pan, Kehou; Bowler, Chris. "Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) accessions". Journal of Phycology (43): 992–1009.
  9. Maheswari, U. et al. 2005. The Diatom EST Database. Nucleic Acids Research 33: D344-D347.
  10. Chisti, Y (May–Jun 2007). "Biodiesel from microalgae". Biotechnology Advances. 25 (3): 294–306. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001. PMID 17350212.
  11. Yang, ZK; Niu, YF; Ma, YH; Xue, J; Zhang, MH; Yang, WD; Liu, JS; Lu, SH; Guan, Y; Li, HY (May 4, 2013). "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neutral lipid accumulation in diatom following nitrogen deprivation". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 6 (1): 67. doi:10.1186/1754-6834-6-67. PMC 3662598. PMID 23642220.
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