Physiological anisocoria

Physiological anisocoria is when human pupils differ in size. It is generally considered to be benign, though it must be distinguished from Congenital Horner's syndrome, pharmacological dilatation or other conditions connected to the sympathetic nervous system.[1] The prevalence of physiological anisocoria has not been found to be influenced by the sex, age, or iris color of the subject.

Presentation

The main characteristic that distinguishes physiological anisocoria is an increase of pupil size with lower light or reduced illumination, such that the pupils differ in size between the two eyes. At any given eye examination, up to 41% of healthy patients can show an anisocoria of 0.4 mm or more at one time or another. It can also occur as the difference between both pupils varies from day to day.[2] A normal population survey showed that during poor light or near dark conditions, differences of 1 mm on average between pupils was found.[3] The presence of physiologic anisocoria has been estimated at 20% of the normal population, so some degree of pupil difference may be expected in at least 1 in 5 clinic patients.

Causes

When detected during childhood, without any other symptoms and when other disorders are discarded through clinical tests, it should be considered a developmental or genetic phenomenon. Asymmetric pupil or dyscoria, potential causes of anisocoria, refer to an abnormal shape of the pupil which can happens due to developmental and intrauterine anomalies.[4] When light is shined in the abnormal eye and it remains dilated then it’s a pathological small pupil.

References
  1. Doetsch, H. (May 1950). "Anisocoria as a physiological phenomenon". Art Wochensch. 5. 26 (20): 331–3.
  2. Corbett, J.; Lam BL; Thompson HS (15 July 1987). "The prevalence of simple anisocoria". Am J Ophthalmol. 104 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(87)90296-0. PMID 3605282.
  3. London, Richard; Ellen Richrer Erringer; Harry J. Wyafr (March 1991). "Variation and Clinical Observation With Different Conditions of Illumination and Accommodation". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 32 (3): 501–9.
  4. "Pupil Anomalies: Reaction and Red Flags". Pacifica University Oregon. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
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