Placentitis

Placentitis is an inflammation of the placenta. The main forms of placentitis are:

Placentitis
Gross pathology of severe intervillositis, with dark red and soggy tissue.
SpecialtyOB/GYN
Histopathology of acute subchorionic intervillositis, with neutrophils in Langhan’s layer of fibrinoid (by the fetal surface, at the base of a chorionic villus, seen at top right).

It may be caused by vertically transmitted infections.

Because of the close proximity, placentitis often occurs simultaneously as funisitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) and chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the fetal membranes).

Chronic lymphocytic placental inflammation occurs in 5% to 15% of pregnancies, and are generally not associated with documented infection.[2]

Villitis of unknown etiology
Main article: Villitis of unknown etiology

Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), also known as chronic villitis, is a placental injury. VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR involves the poor growth of the foetus, stillbirth, miscarriage, and premature delivery.[3][4] VUE recurs in about 1/3 of subsequent pregnancies.[5]

VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the transfer of maternal lymphocytes across the placenta.[4]

VUE is diagnosed in 7–10% placentas in pregnancies. Roughly 80% of the VUE cases are in term placentas (greater than 37 weeks of pregnancy). A case of VUE in a placenta less than 32 weeks old should be screened for infectious villitis.[3]

Chronic histiocytic intervillositis

Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis (CHI or CHIV) also known as Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown (A)etiology (CIUE) and Massive Chronic Intervillositis (MCI) is defined as a diffuse infiltration of mononuclear cells (histiocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes) of maternal origin into the intervillous space within the placenta. It often results in severe intrauterine growth restriction which can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth. Overall perinatal mortality rate is high: 41%[6] to 77%.[7] Recurrence rate is also high: 67%[7] to 100%.[6]

See also

References
  1. Schubert, Pawel T; Mason, Deidre; Martines, Roosacelis; Deleon-Carnes, Marlene; Zaki, Sherif R; Roberts, Drucilla J (2018). "Spectrum of Changes Seen With Placental Intravascular Organisms". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology. 22 (3): 229–235. doi:10.1177/1093526618801616. ISSN 1093-5266. PMID 30334666. S2CID 52988584.
  2. Redline, Raymond W. (2007). "Placental Inflammation". Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. pp. 90–101. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-743-5_4. ISBN 978-1-84628-524-0.
  3. Redline, RW. (Oct 2007). "Villitis of unknown etiology: noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta". Hum Pathol. 38 (10): 1439–46. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025. PMID 17889674.
  4. Tamblyn J, Lissauer D, Powell R, Cox P, Kilby M (2013). "The immunological basis of villitis of unknown etiology – Review". Placenta. 34 (10): 846–55. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.002. PMID 23891153.
  5. Feeley L, Mooney EE (2010). "Villitis of unknown aetiology: correlation of recurrence with clinical outcome". J Obstet Gynaecol. 30 (5): 476–9. doi:10.3109/01443611003802339. PMID 20604650. S2CID 11473529.
  6. Parant O, Capdet J, Kessler S, Aziza J, Berrebi A (2009). "Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology (CIUE): relation between placental lesions and perinatal outcome". European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 143 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.06.012. PMID 19121887.
  7. Boyd TK, Redline RW (2000). "Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: A placental lesion associated with recurrent reproductive loss". Human Pathology. 31 (11): 1389–96. doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(00)80009-x. PMID 11112214.
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