Psychogenic pruritus

Psychogenic pruritus, also known as psychogenic itch[1] or functional itch disorder[2] is pruritus not associated with a dermatologic or systemic cause.[3] More often than not, it is attributed to a psychiatric cause. Psychogenic pruritus is not the same as neuropathic itch though both are conditions which require more research. This condition is not explained well in DSM-V and is typically considered a diagnosis of exclusion.[4] This condition is not well-studied and it is difficult to ascertain as it is seen by both dermatologists and psychiatrists. In order to provide some consensus to this condition, The French Psychodermatology Group have created diagnostic criteria for this condition.[2]

Psychogenic pruritus
SpecialtyPsychiatry 

Symptoms

Psychogenic pruritus typically appears as itching on the face and on the extensor surfaces of the body. This includes the back side of the arms, the abdomen, the side of the legs and the upper back and shoulders. These areas are more frequent because they are within hand's reach.[1]

Diagnosis

When considering the diagnosis of psychogenic pruritus, it is important to rule out medical, dermatologic and neuropathic causes. A strong history should be obtained and appropriate labwork should be drawn. One should consider drawing for a CBC (Complete Blood Count), ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), liver, renal and thyroid panel as abnormalities with any can contribute to pruritus.[5] Pruritus can be seen with hepatic and renal disease such as cholestasis, alcoholic liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis, hepatitis B and C, and chronic kidney disease.[5][6][7] Drug and alcohol use can contribute to pruritus as well so it is worthwhile to gather a social history. Those who use cocaine and amphetamines may experience pruritus due to feelings of abnormal cutaneous sensations called 'delusions of parasitosis', also known as "meth mites".[5][8] Opioid users can also experience pruritus so examining a patient's medication list can be beneficial.[5]

Diagnostic criteria

The French Psychodermatology Group is a subgroup of the French Society of Dermatology made up on psychiatrists, dermatologists and psychologists. They met in 2007 to propose diagnostic criteria for this disease in hope of preventing further misdiagnosis of this condition. They believed the term "functional itch disorder" was the best phrase to describe this condition, avoiding the use of the word "psychogenic". To diagnose a patient with functional itch disorder, the patient should meet three required criteria and three of seven optional criteria.[2]

Diagnostic Criteria:[2]

  • 3 Required criteria
    • Localized or generalized pruritus without a primary skin lesion
    • Chronic pruritus, characterized as being greater than 6 weeks
    • There is no somatic cause present
  • 7 Optional criteria (need 3 to diagnose)
    • A chronological relationship of pruritus with one or several life events that can have psychological consequences
    • Changes during the nighttime
    • More present during rest or inaction
    • There is a coupled psychological disorder
    • Pruritus that could be improved with pyschotropic drugs
    • Pruritus that could be improved by psychotherapies

Treatment

The treatment for this condition has not been well studied but the most common options are psychotherapy and medicines geared toward psychiatric conditions.[9] Stress reduction and relaxation techniques have also been shown to be helpful for alleviating this condition. Having a strong physician-patient alliance can also lead to the improvement of symptoms.[1] The condition is often managed with drugs including H1-antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines.[9]

If the cause is found to be dermatologic in nature, dermatologists can offer solutions such as intralesional injections, wet wraps and other occlusive options. Menthol and cool compresses can also relieve the patient of their itch.[5] It is also common for psychologic conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, bipolar and psychosis to present with pruritus.[4]

Epidemiology

The incidence is not known. However, it is more common in females of the age range of 30-45 years.[4]

See also

References
  1. Misery L, Dutray S, Chastaing M, Schollhammer M, Consoli SG, Consoli SM (March 2018). "Psychogenic itch". Translational Psychiatry. 8 (1): 52. doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0097-7. PMC 5830411. PMID 29491364.
  2. Misery L, Alexandre S, Dutray S, Chastaing M, Consoli SG, Audra H, et al. (2007). "Functional itch disorder or psychogenic pruritus: suggested diagnosis criteria from the French psychodermatology group". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 87 (4): 341–344. doi:10.2340/00015555-0266. PMID 17598038.
  3. Buteau A, Reichenberg J (July 2018). "Psychogenic Pruritus and Its Management". Dermatologic Clinics. Pruritus. 36 (3): 309–314. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.015. PMID 29929602.
  4. Yosipovitch G, Samuel LS (March 9, 2022). "Neuropathic and psychogenic itch". Dermatologic Therapy. 21 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00167.x. PMID 18318883. S2CID 1590181.
  5. Buteau A, Reichenberg J (July 2018). "Psychogenic Pruritus and Its Management". Dermatologic Clinics. Pruritus. 36 (3): 309–314. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.015. PMID 29929602.
  6. Yoshikawa S, Asano T, Morino M, Matsumoto K, Kashima H, Koito Y, et al. (February 2021). "Pruritus is common in patients with chronic liver disease and is improved by nalfurafine hydrochloride". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 3015. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3015Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82566-w. PMC 7862656. PMID 33542298.
  7. Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M (July 2019). "Pruritus Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Literature Review". Cureus. 11 (7): e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256. PMC 6760874. PMID 31572641.
  8. Suh KN, Keystone JS (2013-01-01). "153 - Delusional Parasitosis". In Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth ed.). London: W.B. Saunders. pp. 1074–1078. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00153-3. ISBN 978-1-4160-4390-4.
  9. Szepietowski, Jacek C.; Reszke, Radomir (2016). "Psychogenic Itch Management". Current Problems in Dermatology. 50: 124–132. doi:10.1159/000446055. ISBN 978-3-318-05888-8. PMID 27578081.
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