Rectal administration

Rectal administration uses the rectum as a route of administration for medication and other fluids, which are absorbed by the rectum's blood vessels,[Note 1] and flow into the body's circulatory system, which distributes the drug to the body's organs and bodily systems.[Note 2]

Administering medication rectally
Insertion of an enema nozzle as it breeches the anal sphincter.
Glycerin (laxative) suppositories for insertion into the rectum.
A rectal "bulb" syringe for introducing a small amount of fluid into the rectum.
Enema equipment for introducing a large amount of fluid into the colon via the rectum.

A drug that is administered rectally will in general (depending on the drug) have a faster onset, higher bioavailability, shorter peak, and shorter duration than oral administration.[1][2] Another advantage of administering a drug rectally, is that it tends to produce less nausea compared to the oral route and prevents any amount of the drug from being lost due to emesis (vomiting). In addition, the rectal route bypasses around two-thirds of the first-pass metabolism as the rectum's venous drainage is two-thirds systemic (middle and inferior rectal vein) and one-third hepatic portal system (superior rectal vein). This means the drug will reach the circulatory system with significantly less alteration and in greater concentrations.[Note 3] Finally, rectal administration can allow patients to remain in the home setting when the oral route is compromised. Unlike intravenous lines, which usually need to be placed in an inpatient environment and require special formulation of sterile medications,[3] a specialized rectal catheter can be placed by a clinician, such as a hospice nurse or home health nurse, in the home. Many oral forms of medications can be crushed and suspended in water to be given via a rectal catheter.

The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as dysphagia, ileus, or bowel obstruction, that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract. This often includes patients near the end of life (an estimated 1.65 million people are in hospice care in the US each year).[4] Because using the rectal route enables a rapid, safe, and lower cost alternative to administration of medications,[5] it may also facilitate the care of patients in long-term care or palliative care, or as an alternative to intravenous or subcutaneous medication delivery in other instances.

Methods

Rectal administration of medication may be performed with any of the following:

  • A suppository, a solid drug delivery system inserted into the rectum where dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects.
  • A micro-enema, a small amount (usually less than 10 millilitres) of a liquid-drug solution injected into the rectum.
  • A large volume enema[6] to inject liquid into the colon either to cleanse as much of the colon as possible of feces[7] as well to deliver a drug solution.
  • A specialized catheter designed for rectal administration of medications and liquids, that can be placed safely and remain comfortably in the rectum for repeated use.

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rectal administration.

Notes
  1. The rectum has numerous blood vessels available to absorb drugs.
  2. The organs and systems include, depending on if the drug is able to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or not, the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), cardiovascular system (CVS), et cetera.
  3. Other ROAs that bypass first-pass metabolism include inhalation (smoking, vaporizing, etc.), intravenous injection (IV), insufflation ("snorting"), et cetera, but the oral route does not bypass first-pass metabolism.

References
  1. De Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD. (1982) "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations." Clin Pharmacokinetics. 7(4):285–311
  2. Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T. (1979) "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms." International Journal of Pharmacaceutics, 4:99–109
  3. Plumer AL. 2007. Plumer's Principles and Practices of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 753 pp.
  4. "National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's Facts and Figures: Hospice Care in America, 2013 Edition" (PDF) Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
  5. A Quality Improvement Study: Use of a Rectal Medication Administration Device Intervention to manage end-stage symptoms in hospice patients when the oral route fails. Poster Presentations. 6th Annual Hospice Palliative Nurses Association Clinical Practice Forum, Pittsburgh, PA, September 15-15, 2012
  6. "high enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  7. Rhodora Cruz. "Types of Enemas". Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
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