Renal hypoplasia

renal hypoplasia
renal hypoplasia
Other names	Hypoplastic kidneys
Specialty	Nephrology
Diagnostic method	Ultrasound
Differential diagnosis	Renal dysplasia, oligomeganephronia[1]
Frequency	1 in 400 births[2]

Renal hypoplasia is an abnormality that a person is born with in which one or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal (hypoplastic)[3] but with normal structure.[2]

It is defined as abnormally small kidneys, where the size is less than two standard deviations below the expected mean for the corresponding demographics, and the morphology is normal.[2][4] Disease severity depends on whether hypoplasia is unilateral of bilateral, and the degree of reduction in the number of nephrons.[4]

Presentation

Hypoplastic kidneys are prone to infection and kidney stone formation,[3] have a reduced nephron number,[2]( normal corticomedullary differentiation[4][5])

Complications

Renal hypoplasia is a common cause of kidney failure in children and also of adult-onset disease.[2]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically through ultrasonography.[4]

Prevalence

Epidemiologic studies point to an estimated incidence of 1 in 400 births.[2]

References

Copelovitch, Lawrence; Kaplan, Bernard S. (2012). "Developmental Abnormalities of the Kidneys". Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. pp. 1182–1190. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-0134-0.10083-6. ISBN 978-1-4377-0134-0.
Cain, Jason E; Di Giovanni, Valeria; Smeeton, Joanna; Rosenblum, Norman D (August 2010). "Genetics of Renal Hypoplasia: Insights Into the Mechanisms Controlling Nephron Endowment". Pediatric Research. 68 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181e35a88. PMID 20421843.
Lote, Christopher J. (2012). Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 22.
"S. Kohl, M. Liebau - Renal hypoplasia". www.orpha.net.
Schreuder, Michiel F. (2015). "Renal hypoplasia". In Woolf, Adrian (ed.). Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. doi:10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0348.

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[1] Copelovitch, Lawrence; Kaplan, Bernard S. (2012). "Developmental Abnormalities of the Kidneys". Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. pp. 1182–1190. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-0134-0.10083-6. ISBN 978-1-4377-0134-0.

[cain-2] Cain, Jason E; Di Giovanni, Valeria; Smeeton, Joanna; Rosenblum, Norman D (August 2010). "Genetics of Renal Hypoplasia: Insights Into the Mechanisms Controlling Nephron Endowment". Pediatric Research. 68 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181e35a88. PMID 20421843.

[lote-3] Lote, Christopher J. (2012). Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 22.

[kohl-4] "S. Kohl, M. Liebau - Renal hypoplasia". www.orpha.net.

[5] Schreuder, Michiel F. (2015). "Renal hypoplasia". In Woolf, Adrian (ed.). Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. doi:10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0348.