Rothia mucilaginosa

Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora.[3] Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva.[4] It is an oral commensal, that has been linked to causing severe bacteremia in immunocompromised patients.[5] This bacterium has also been shown to form biofilms, similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. mucilaginosa is a cohabitant in the lower airways of patient with bronchiectasis [6]

Rothia mucilaginosa
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Rothia
Species:
R. mucilaginosa
Binomial name
Rothia mucilaginosa
(Bergan and Kocur 1982) Collins et al. 2000
Type strain
ATCC 25296
CCM 2417
CCUG 20962
CIP 71.14
DSM 20746
IFO 15673
JCM 10910
NBRC 15673
NCTC 10663
Synonyms[1][2]
  • "Micrococcus mucilaginosus" Migula 1900
  • "Staphylococcus salivarius" Andrewes and Gordon 1907
  • Stomatococcus mucilaginosus (ex Migula 1900) Bergan and Kocur 1982

Morphology

Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs.[7] R. mucilaginosa can easily be confused for the bacteria from the genera Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. One way that it can be distinguished from those two is by its strong adherence to the solid medium substrate that its colonies form. Another way is by its weak or absent catalase reaction, failure to grow on 5% NaCl media or its glucose and sucrose fermentation.[8]

Pathology

Rothia mucilaginosa has been linked to Bronchiectasis, showing that an inhibition of the COX-2 inhibitor is largely related to an increased production of PGE2, which has been shown to be immunosuppressive in animal models of bacterial pneumonias and sepsis. The inhibition of COX-2 improved survival in mice, suggesting that the pathogenic effects of R. mucilaginosa are related to the induction of COX-2[9] It is also closely associated with Bacteremia, sepsis, and endocarditis.[10]

Antibiotics

Rothia mucilaginosa is resistant to the quinolone class of antibiotics, with extreme resistance to fluoroquinolones. Sensitivity, as of 2003, is still found in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin and bacitracin.[11]

References
  1. Bergan T, Bøvre K, Hovig B. (1970). "Priority of Micrococcus mucilaginosus Migula 1900 over Staphylococcus salivarius Andrewes and Gordon 1907 with proposal of a neotype strain". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 20 (1). doi:10.1099/00207713-20-1-107.
  2. Bergan T, Kocur M. "Stomatococcus mucilaginosus gen. nov., sp. nov., ep. rev., a Member of the Family Micrococcaceae". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 32 (3). doi:10.1099/00207713-32-3-374.
  3. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 9 (10): 1068–1072. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00772.x. PMID 14616756.
  4. Eiff, Christof von; Herrmann, Mathias; Peters, Georg (January 1995). "Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and of Micrococcus spp". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 39 (1): 268–270. doi:10.1128/aac.39.1.268. PMC 162524. PMID 7695321.
  5. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology 191 (7): 3810-3817.
  6. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology 191 (7): 3810-3817.
  7. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 9 (10): 1068–1072. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00772.x. PMID 14616756.
  8. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9 (10): 1068-1072. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  9. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology. 191 (7): 3810–3817. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300883. PMID 24018272. S2CID 21828229.
  10. Ascher, David P.; Zbick, Chris; White, Chris; Fischer, Gerald W. (Dec 1991). "Infections Due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus: 10 Cases and Review". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 13 (6): 1048–1052. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.6.1048. PMID 1775836.
  11. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9 (10): 1068-1072. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
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