Vitellaria
Vitellaria paradoxa (formerly Butyrospermum parkii), commonly known as shea tree, shi tree (/ˈʃiː(ə)/), or vitellaria, is a tree of the family Sapotaceae. It is the only species in the genus Vitellaria,[2] and is indigenous to Africa.
| Vitellaria | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Shea tree | |
 | |
| Shea nuts | |
Conservation status | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Subfamily: | Sapotoideae |
| Genus: | Vitellaria C.F.Gaertn. |
| Species: | V. paradoxa |
| Binomial name | |
| Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Butyrospermum paradoxa | |
The shea fruit consists of a thin, tart, nutritious pulp that surrounds a relatively large, oil-rich seed from which shea butter is extracted. It is a deciduous tree usually 7–15 m (23–49 ft.) tall, but has reached 25 m (82 ft.) and a trunk diameter of 2 m (6.5 ft).
The shea tree is a traditional African food plant. It has been claimed to have potential to improve nutrition, boost food supply in the "annual hungry season",[3] foster rural development, and support sustainable land care.[4]
Description
The tree starts bearing its first fruit when it is 10 to 15 years old; full production is attained when the tree is about 20 to 30 years old. It then produces nuts for up to 200 years.
The fruits resemble large plums 4 to 8 centimetres long weighing between 10 and 57 grams each.[5] These fruits take 4 to 6 months to ripen; the average yield is 15 to 20 kilograms (33-44 lbs.) of fresh fruit per tree, with optimum yields up to 45 kilograms (99 lbs.). Each kilogram of fruit gives approximately 400 grams (14 oz.) of dry seeds.
Subspecies
Composition
Shea butter fatty acid profiles
Shea butter is composed of five principal fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidic (see Table below). About 85 to 90% of the fatty acid composition is stearic and oleic acids. The relative proportion of these two fatty acids affects shea butter consistency. The stearic acid gives it a solid consistency, while the oleic acid influences how soft or hard the shea butter is, depending on ambient temperature.
The proportions of stearic and oleic acids in the shea kernels and butter differ across the distribution range of the species. Ugandan shea butter has consistently high oleic acid content, and is liquid at warm ambient temperatures. It fractionizes into liquid and solid phases, and is the source of liquid shea oil. The fatty acid proportion of West African shea butter is much more variable than Ugandan shea butter, with an oleic content of 37 to 55%. Variability can be high even locally, and a tree that produces hard butter can grow with one that produces soft butter.
Nuts are gathered from a wide area for local production, so shea butter consistency is determined by the average fatty acid profile of the population. Within West Africa, shea butter from the Mossi Plateau region of Burkina Faso has a higher average stearic acid content, and so is usually harder than shea butter from other West African regions.[8]
| Fatty Acid | Mean | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16:0 Palmitic | 4.0 | 2.6 | 8.4 |
| 18:0 Stearic | 41.5 | 25.6 | 50.2 |
| 18:1 Oleic | 46.4 | 37.1 | 62.1 |
| 18:2 Linoleic | 6.6 | 0.6 | 10.8 |
| 20:0 Arachidic | 1.3 | 0.0 | 3.5 |
Shea butter phenolics
Phenolic compounds are known to have antioxidant properties.[9] A recent study characterized and quantified the most important phenolic compounds in shea butter. This study identified 10 phenolic compounds, eight of which are catechins, a family of compounds being studied for their antioxidant properties. The phenolic profile is similar to that of green tea, and the total phenolic content of shea butter is comparable to virgin olive oil. Also, this study was performed on shea butter that had been extracted with hexane, and the authors note that traditional extraction methods may result in higher phenolic levels.
Furthermore, they note that the catechin content alone of shea kernels is higher than the total phenolic content of ripe olives. This study also found that the overall concentration and relative percentages of different phenolic content in shea kernels varied from region to region. The authors hypothesized that the overall concentration of phenols in shea kernels is linked to the level of environmental stress that the trees endure.[8]
Distribution and habitat
The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West and South from Senegal in the west to Sudan and South Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 19 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Guinea. The habitat area in total spans as wide as 5,000 square kilometres.[10]
A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century.[11]
Uses
Shea butter has many uses and may or may not be refined. In the West it is most commonly used as an emollient in cosmetics and is less commonly used in food. Throughout Africa it is used extensively for food, is a major source of dietary fat, and for medicinal purposes. In Ghana and Nigeria, shea butter is a major ingredient for making the African black soap.
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The edible protein-rich caterpillars of the moth Cirina butyrospermi which feed solely on its leaves are widely collected[12] and eaten raw, dried or fried.
Etymology
The common name is shíyiri (in N'Ko: ߛ߭ߌ߭ߦߌߙߌ) or shísu (ߛ߭ߌ߭ߛߎ, lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, whose primary pronunciation is /ʃiː/ (rhyming with "tea"), although the pronunciation /ʃeɪ/ (rhyming with "day") is common and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, karité.
In Hausa language the tree is called Kaɗe or Kaɗanya. Indeed, the shea tree is so indispensable in Mole-Dagbang culinary and ethno-botanical practices that the Northern Ghanaian city of Tamale etymologically derives its name from the more traditional Dagomba name 'Tama-yile' (meaning 'Home of Shea nuts').
The tree was formerly classified in the genus Butyrospermum, meaning "butter seed". The species name parkii honors Scottish explorer Mungo Park, who learned of the tree while exploring Senegal. Park's Scottish origin is reflected in the English word shea, with a final -ea.
References
- Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources. 1998. Vitellaria paradoxa. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on 14 June 2013.
- Vitellaria paradoxa. AgroForestry Tree Database. World Agroforestry Centre.
- E.T. Masters; J.A. Yidana; P.N. Lovett. "Trade and sustainable forest management". FAO.org. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- National Research Council (2006-10-27). "Shea". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Lost Crops of Africa. Vol. 2. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- Honfo, Fernande; H. N., Akissoe; Linnemann, Anita; Soumanou Mohamed; Boekel, Martinus (2014). "Nutritional Composition of Shea Products and Chemical Properties of Shea Butter: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (5): 673–686. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.604142. S2CID 6345738.
- Gwali, Samson; Nakabonge, Grace; Okullo, John Bosco Lamoris; Eilu, Gerald; Nyeko, Philip; Vuzi, Peter (2012-09-14). "Morphological variation among shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica) 'ethnovarieties' in Uganda". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 59 (8): 1883–1898. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9905-8. ISSN 0925-9864.
- Buyinza, J.; Okullo, J. "Threats to conservation of Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica (Shea Butter) Tree in Nakasongola district, Central Uganda". AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- Maranz, Steven; Wiesman, Zeev; Bisgaard, Johan; Bianchi, Giorgio (2004). "Germplasm resources of Vitellaria paradoxa based on variations in fat composition across the species distribution range". Agroforestry Systems. 60 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1023/B:AGFO.0000009406.19593.90. S2CID 2510852.
- Honfo, Fernande G.; Akissoe, Noel; Linnemann, Anita R.; Soumanou, Mohamed; Van Boekel, Martinus A. J. S. (2014). "Nutritional Composition of Shea Products and Chemical Properties of Shea Butter: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (5): 673–686. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.604142. PMID 24261539. S2CID 6345738.
- Masters, E. T.; Yidana, J. A.; Lovett, P. N. (April 2004). "Rendre la gestion plus rationnelle grâce au commerce: les produits du karité en Afrique". Unasylva. Food and Agriculture Organization. 55 (219): 46–52.
- Neumann, Katharina; Kahlheber, Stefanie; Uebel, Dirk (1998). "Remains of woody plants from Saouga, a medieval west African village". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 7 (2): 57–77. doi:10.1007/BF01373925. S2CID 128820299.
- Nikiema, A. & Umali, B.E. "Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.". - In: Van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (eds.) "Plant resources of tropical Africa 14 : vegetable oils". - Wageningen : PROTA Foundation ; Leiden : Backhuys ; Wageningen : CTA, 2007. - 236 p. - p.182-187.
External links
- Vitellaria paradoxa. In: Brunken, U., et al. 2008. West African Plants — A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.