Surfactant therapy

Surfactant therapy is the medical administration of exogenous surfactant. Surfactants used in this manner are typically instilled directly into the trachea.[1] When a baby comes out of the womb and the lungs are not developed yet, they require administration of surfactant in order to process oxygen and survive. This condition that the baby has is called newborn respiratory distress syndrome, and it is treatable.[2] Surfactant coat the smallest parts of the lungs called the alveoli and helps for oxygen to go in and for carbon dioxide to go out. How surfactant does this is by not allowing the alveoli to collapse and to retain their inflated shape when the baby exhales.

Surfactant therapy
Other namesSurfactant application, Surfactant replacement
Specialtyneonatology

In premature babies the type II pneumocytes, special lung cells that make surfactant, are not working yet. This means that the baby needs to get surfactant until that baby can make the surfactant on his own. In addition, the baby will need to be monitored and checked regularly as well as intubated or put on CPAP so that he can breathe. This means that until he is able to make surfactant and breathe on his own, he needs to be watched carefully by doctors and nurses.

Types of surfactants

Poractant alfa, Calfactant, Beractant are the types of natural surfactants commercially available in the United States. Although data is sometimes conflicting, it appears that there are no significant differences among the available preparations.

LISA surfactant delivery in infants

The LISA (Less Invasive Surfactant Administration) method is much more effective in situations where the preterm infant is already breathing, and it has become a standard procedure in German hospitals.[3] Intubation via mechanical ventilation is less effective than the LISA method within the first 72 hours of birth.[4]

Respiratory distress syndrome

Exogenous surfactant replacement therapy is effective in reducing IRDS mortality and morbidity in preterm infants.[5][6][7][8]

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Surfactant therapy is not used to treat adults with adult respiratory distress syndrome because the evidence regarding its effect on patient-important outcomes is inconsistent.

See also

References
  1. Tarawneh, A; Kaczmarek, J; Bottino, M N; Sant'Anna, G M (7 July 2011). "Severe airway obstruction during surfactant administration using a standardized protocol: a prospective, observational study". Journal of Perinatology. 32 (4): 270–275. doi:10.1038/jp.2011.89. PMID 21738121.
  2. Respiratory Distress Syndrome~treatment at eMedicine
  3. Härtel, Christoph; Paul, Pia; Hanke, Kathrin; Humberg, Alexander; Kribs, Angela; Mehler, Katrin; Vochem, Matthias; Wieg, Christian; Roll, Claudia; Herting, Egbert; Göpel, Wolfgang (29 May 2018). "Less invasive surfactant administration and complications of preterm birth". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8333. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8333H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26437-x. PMC 5974027. PMID 29844331.
  4. Lau, Christine S. M.; Chamberlain, Ronald S.; Sun, Shyan (24 March 2017). "Less Invasive Surfactant Administration Reduces the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Preterm Infants". Global Pediatric Health. 4: 2333794X1769668. doi:10.1177/2333794X17696683. PMC 5433666. PMID 28540346.
  5. Suresh, Gautham K; Soll, Roger F (21 April 2005). "Overview of Surfactant Replacement Trials". Journal of Perinatology. 25 (S2): S40–S44. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211320. PMID 15861172.
  6. Fujiwara, Tetsuro; Chida, Shoichi; Watabe, Yoshitane; Maeta, Haruo; Morita, Tomoaki; Abe, Tadaaki (January 1980). "Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline-membrane disease". The Lancet. 315 (8159): 55–59. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)90489-4. PMID 6101413. S2CID 19170032.
  7. Liechty, Edward A.; Donovan, Edward; Purohit, Dilip; Gilhooly, Joseph; Feldman, Bernard; Noguchi, Akihiko; Denson, Susan E.; Sehgal, Sabitha S.; Gross, Ian; Stevens, Dennis; Ikegami, Machiko; Zachman, Richard D.; Carrier, Steven T.; Gunkel, J. Harry; Gold, Alan J. (1 July 1991). "Reduction of Neonatal Mortality after Multiple Doses of Bovine Surfactant in Low Birth Weight Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome". Pediatrics. 88 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1542/peds.88.1.19. PMID 2057268. S2CID 26067225.
  8. Kendig, James W.; Notter, Robert H.; Cox, Christopher; Aschner, Judy L.; Benn, Steven; Bernstein, Richard M.; Hendricks-Munoz, Karen; Maniscalco, William M.; Metlay, Leon A.; Phelps, Dale L.; Sinkin, Robert A.; Wood, Beverly P.; Shapiro, Donald L. (1 November 1988). "Surfactant Replacement Therapy at Birth: Final Analysis of a Clinical Trial and Comparisons With Similar Trials". Pediatrics. 82 (5): 756–762. PMID 3054783.
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