Tactile paving

These are used for pedestrian crossings. The purpose of the blister surface is to provide a warning to vision-impaired people who would otherwise, in the absence of a change of height of >25 mm, find it difficult differentiate between where the footway ends and the carriageway begins. The surface is therefore an essential safety feature for this group of road users at pedestrian crossing points where the footway is flush to the carriageway, to enable wheelchair users to cross unimpeded. The profile of the blister tactile surface consists of rows of flat-topped blisters in a square pattern.[4]

The offset blister tactile is also known as the "platform edge (off-street) warning surface". The purpose of this surface is to warn vision-impaired people of the edge of all off-street railway platforms. The offset blister tactile surface consists of flat-topped domes (blisters), spaced 66.5 mm from the center of one dome to the next one.

Tactile paving units can be manufactured in any suitable paving material and may be any color that provides a good contrast with the surrounding area, to assist partially-sighted people. The current guidance recommends that the off-set blister tactile surface be used for all off-street rail platforms including:

• Heavy rail platforms
• Off-street light rapid transit (LRT) platforms
• Underground platforms

It should not be used for on street (LRT) platforms.[4]

The lozenge tactile is also known as the platform edge (on-street) warning surface. The purpose of the platform edge (on-street) warning surface is to warn vision-impaired people that they are approaching the edge of an on-street light rapid transit (LRT) platform. The profile of the lozenge tactile warning surface comprises rows of 6±0.5 mm high lozenge shapes, which have rounded edges so as not to cause a trip hazard. The tactile paving units can be manufactured in any suitable paving material. The surface is usually buff colored, but can be any color, other than red, that provides a good contrast with the surrounding area, to assist partially-sighted people.

The lozenge tactile paving units should be installed to a depth of 400 mm parallel to the platform edge and set back a minimum of 500 mm from the edge. They should never be installed closer to the edge than that, because pedestrians may not have sufficient time to stop walking once they have detected the tactile warning surface.[4]

The purpose of the guidance path surface is to guide vision-impaired people along a route when the traditional cues, such as a property line or kerb edge, are not available. It can also be used to guide people around obstacles, for example street furniture in a pedestrianized area. The surface has been designed so that people can be guided along the route either by walking on the tactile surface or by maintaining contact with a long white cane.

The guidance tactile comprises a series of raised, flat-topped bars running in the direction of pedestrian travel. The bars are 5.5±0.5 mm high, 35 mm wide, and spaced 45 mm apart. It is recommended that the guidance path tactile be in a contrasting color to the surrounding area, to assist partially-sighted people. The guidance surface is recommended for use in the following circumstances:

• Where the traditional guidance given by a standard footway between the property line and carriageway does not exist
• Where pedestrians need to be guided around obstacles
• Where a number of visually impaired people need to find a specific location and in transport terminals to guide people between facilities.[4]

The purpose of the corduroy surface is to warn vision-impaired people of the presence of specific hazards: steps, level crossings, or the approach to an on-street light rapid transit (LRT) platform. It is also used where a footway joins a shared route. It conveys the message "hazard, proceed with caution".

The profile of the corduroy tactile surface comprises rounded bars running transversely across the direction of pedestrian travel. The bars are 6±0.5 mm high, 20 mm wide, and spaced 50 mm from the centre of one bar to the centre of the next. The tactile paving units can be manufactured in any suitable paving material. The surface is usually buff coloured, but can be any colour, other than red, that provides a good contrast with the surrounding area to assist partially sighted people.

The corduroy tactile can be used for any situation (other than pedestrian crossings) where vision-impaired individuals need to be warned of a hazard, such as:

• the top or bottom of stairs
• the foot of a ramp
• a level crossing
• where people may unintentionally walk directly on to the platform at a railway station
• where a footway joins a shared route[4]

The purpose of the tactile surface used in conjunction with a segregated shared cycle track and footpath is to advise vision-impaired people of the correct side to enter. The purpose of the central delineator strip is to help vision-impaired pedestrians keep to the pedestrian side.

The cycle way tactile comprises a series of continuous raised, flat-topped bars, each 5±0.5 mm high, 30 mm wide and spaced 70 mm apart. The central delineator strip should be 12–20 mm high, 150 mm wide, with sloping sides and a flat top of 50 mm. The delineator strip should be made of a white material.

The tactile surface should be used on any segregated shared route where the pedestrian side is not physically separated from the cyclist side. The tactile surface should be laid at the beginning and end of the shared segregated route, at regular intervals along its length, and at any junctions with other pedestrians or cyclist routes.[4]

• ISO/FDIS 23599, Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired people—Tactile walking surface indicators.
• CEN/TS 15209, Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone

• ISO/FDIS 23599,Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired people—Tactile walking surface indicators.
• CEN/TS 15209, Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone

• ISO/FDIS 23599,Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired people—Tactile walking surface indicators.
• CEN/TS 15209, Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone

• ISO/FDIS 23599,Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired people—Tactile walking surface indicators.
• CEN/TS 15209, Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone

[6]

In Canada, detectable warning surfaces have in recent years started to be found in many provincial and municipal building standards (supplements to the building codes). These standards require detectable warning surfaces in prescribed locations, such as on the slopes of pedestrian curb cuts/curb ramps, exterior and interior ramps, at the top of stairs and on landings, and at the edge of rail platforms. Detectable warning surfaces include both truncated domes and tactile bars.

One of the first architectural standards for buildings requiring the use of detectable warning surfaces was the City of London's Facility Accessibility Design Standards (FADS). The difference from the American ADA standards is the two different types of tactile surfaces required.[9] At stairs, detectable warning surfaces are required (long bars that in the United States are called "directional bars" but are placed at perpendicular to the main path of travel), whereas offset truncated dome detectable warning surfaces are used for ramps, elevated platforms (like those found at the edges of boarding platforms in transit facilities), and at other areas where pedestrian ways blend with vehicular ways.

Tijuana uses landmark installations before crosswalks that are similar to those used in California. There are, however, no installations of tactile ground surface indicators.[10]

ADA compliant color contrast detectable warning installation on a high traffic area in New York City

Truncated dome tiles along the platform edge at the King Street – Old Town Metro train station in Alexandria, Virginia

In the U.S., tactile warnings systems are required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The federal government, through studies and guidance provided by advocates and the Access Board,[11] now mandates detectable warnings in prescribed locations, such as on the surface of pedestrian curb cuts and at the edges of rail platforms. Detectable warnings have been required for the edges of rail platforms in the United States since 1991. Detectable warnings for pedestrian curb cuts were suspended for study in 1994, and became officially required in 2001.

The ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) require these warnings on the surface of curb ramps, which remove a tactile cue otherwise provided by curb faces, and at other areas where pedestrian ways blend with vehicular ways. They are also required along the edges of boarding platforms in transit facilities and the perimeter of reflecting pools. The raised pattern of domes also known as truncated domes are the preferred design for detectable warning tiles and pavers.

The usage of tactile paving in many circumstances is required in the United States as part of the ADA.[12]

Adoption of truncated dome-mats has been controversial in some areas including Sacramento, California, in 2001.[13] Specifications for current enforceable ADA detectable warnings truncated domes regulation for the general public, is the United States Department of Justice 28 CFR part 36 Revised as of July 1, 1994.

Excerpt from ADA 4.3 Accessible Routes, 4.3.6 Surface Textures, 4.5 Ground Floor Surfaces, 4.5.3 - Carpet, 4.5.4 - Gratings - Textures.

"To date it appears none-of the detectable warnings manufactured, comply with 4.3.6 of the ADAAG. In addition, testing for being a non-hazardous surface placed in public walkways has not been conducted. In the appendix - some common sense reasons are illustrated about textures and their effects on the mobility impaired - A.4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces. A4.5.1 General. People who have difficulty walking or maintaining balance or who use crutches, canes, or walkers, and those with restricted gaits are particularly sensitive to slipping and tripping hazards. For such people, a stable and regular surface is necessary for safe walking, particularly on stairs. Wheelchairs can be propelled most easily on surfaces that are hard, stable, and regular. Soft loose sand or gravel, wet clay, and irregular surfaces such as cobblestones can significantly impede wheelchair movement. 705 below has not been adopted by the DOJ for the general public and is therefore not enforced by the DOJ.

Specifications for ADA Detectable Warning Truncated Domes

United States Access Board – ADAAG Specifies:

705 Detectable Warnings

705.1 General. Detectable Warnings shall consist of a surface of truncated domes and shall comply with 705.

705.1.1 Dome Size. Truncated domes in a detectable warning surface shall have a base diameter of 0.9 inch (23 mm) minimum and 1.4 inch (36 mm) maximum, a top diameter of 50 percent of the base diameter minimum to 65 percent of the base diameter maximum, and a height of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm).

705.1.2 Dome Spacing. Truncated domes in a detectable warning surface shall have a center-to-center spacing of 1.6 inches (41 mm) minimum and 2.4 inches (61 mm) maximum, and a base-to-base spacing of 0.65 inch (17mm) minimum, measured between the most adjacent domes on a square grid.

705.1.3 Contrast. Detectable Warning Surfaces shall contrast visually with adjacent walking surfaces either light-on-dark, or dark-on-light."

Tactile ground surface indicators are installed broadly in major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Dalian and Guangzhou. They can also be found winding through suburban areas surrounding major cities; the volume of blocks installed is second only to Japan. Both warning and directional blocks are used, and installed in a manner roughly the same as in Japan. Some areas have their own rules, however, such as in parts of Guangzhou where no blocks are installed in places where directional blocks intersect, a location where warning blocks would normally be installed. Block colors include yellow, grey, green, brown and beige. As in Korea, because installation methods are adopted from Japan, many of the same errors are found. Maintenance is also inconsistent; in many places one can see broken blocks that have been left unrepaired.[10]

In Hong Kong, warning and directional blocks are found at and around rail stations, and warning blocks are installed before crosswalks and at medians in the city center. Blocks are yellow, silver, black, grey, green and brown. Installation methods are roughly the same as in Japan.[10]

In the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and Delhi, warning and directional blocks, resembling those in Japan, have been installed in sidewalks leading to and inside metro stations. Delhi Metro, which has the most accessible public transport infrastructure in the country, has tactile paving from entry to exit. However, some blind commuters have complained that they cannot locate them.[14]

Such tiles can also be located on pavements near shopping plazas, and particularly around the Delhi University campus. The tiles are yellow. Although, the tiles within the metro stations are continually cared-for, the maintenance of those set over the sidewalks is generally neglected, which can lead to accidents. The Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi also has tactile paving on its walkways.[15]

India has one of the largest populations of people with disabilities, but the development of pedestrian walkways with tactile paving is at infancy. In 2015, the Government of India has launched the Accessible India Campaign to make the nation's infrastructure more inclusive and accessible.

The Kochi Metro rail project, in state of Kerala, will also has entry to exit tactile paving, like the lines of the Delhi Metro.[16]

Tactile directional blocks are being integrated into many Indonesian cities (such as Denpasar, Bali), although the implementation of the technology has not always been consistent.

In Jakarta, warning blocks indicating the entrance to parking lots are installed on the sidewalks in the Jalan Thamrin business area, an installation method unique to Indonesia. Blocks of this type are installed at nearly every parking lot entrance, making for a great many installations. Warning blocks are also installed before some crosswalks in the Jalan Thamrin area. No blocks are installed outside this area, however. Blocks are yellow in color.[10]

Although the tactile pavings were first installed in Okayama city in 1967 and were widely installed throughout Japan, tactile pavings were not standardized until 2001 by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS).[17] Tactile pavers are installed at almost all curb ramps in Japan. Directional tactile pavers are installed on sidewalk and pedestrian crossings frequently used by vision-impaired people, such as a route between transit facilities and buildings such as hospitals, schools for vision-impaired, community centres, major shopping centres, government buildings and so on.

Since 1994, Japanese law require buildings exceeding floor area of 2,000 m² (22,000 sq ft) to install and maintain tactile pavings near stairs, ramps, escalators and major pathways.[18] Schools, hospitals, theatres, arenas, community centres, exhibition halls, department stores, hotels, office, multidwelling units, or senior homes with floor space less than 2,000 m² (22,000 sq ft), must spend reasonable effort to install and maintain tactile pavings inside the building, but it is not required. The original law was replaced by another one in 2006, with wider scope including outdoor areas.[19]

Also by law, all transit facilities in Japan must install directional tactile pavers connecting the path from public entrance to the boarding area or staffed booth. All stairs, escalators and ramps must be marked with blister tactile pavers.[20] Airport boarding bridges are exempt from installing tactile pavers, given that handrails are installed and other technical requirements are met. Boarding areas for passenger ferries are also exempt if the area is exposed to waves and tactile pavers might create a trip hazard.

• 
  Low-profile directional tactile markings are installed on busy pedestrian crossings in Japan.
• 
  JIS compliant tactile paver
• 
  Older non-JIS compliant tactile paver
• 
  Tactile pavings installed on a platform at a Japanese train station. Horizontal tactile paving at the bottom indicates the 'inner' side, away from the rail tracks.
• 
  Tactile pavings combined with platform screen doors
• 
  Portable tactile mat being used to block off an escalator under maintenance
• 
  Installation of tactile paving on sidewalk
• 
  Tactile pavings with LED for people with limited vision
• 
  Tactile paving before and after a stylized 1998 Winter Olympics manhole cover in Nagano

Tactile paving in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur

In Kuala Lumpur, blocks are installed mainly at railway, LRT, MRT and monorail stations, and the surrounding sidewalks. In some locations, warning and directional blocks are installed as in Japan, while in other locations, directional indicators are carved into the pavement and warning blocks are installed where directional markers intersect and where pedestrians are to stop. The latter practice is often followed at railway and LRT stations, but the two types were found to coexist at one location. Blocks are yellow, silver and grey.[10] In addition, Pulau Tikus and Brickfields have installed tactile paving to helping vision-impaired people get to surrounding places.

Every MRT (subway) station in Singapore has tactile pavings to help the visually impaired navigate.

In Singapore, warning and directional blocks are installed primarily around subway stations and in some housing estates. Many crosswalks are also equipped with warning blocks. Installation rules are roughly the same as in Japan. Blocks are silver, yellow and grey.[10]

In Korea, warning blocks and directional blocks are installed in accordance with rules similar in Japan in many locations including sidewalks, subway and rail stations and platforms, public facilities and large shopping centers. The configuration of the blocks, with the exception of some subway stations in Seoul, is the same as in Japan. Blocks are yellow, silver, brown, white and grey. Because installation methods have been adopted unchanged from Japan, many of the same errors are found.[10]

As in Korea and China, warning blocks and directional blocks are installed in accordance with rules nearly identical to those in Japan. Most blocks are yellow, with grey blocks also in use. Tactile ground surface indicators are frequently installed across the entire sloped area leading to a crosswalk, creating an obstacle for wheelchair users and others. In addition, although there are many stepped areas on sidewalks in city centers, very few are marked with warning blocks. This is dangerous for people with impaired vision, and fails to accommodate their needs.[10]

In central Bangkok, warning and directional blocks are used on many sidewalks. Warning blocks are also installed at the top and bottom of stairways at subway and monorail stations. Blocks are not, however, installed at rail stations or rail platforms. Installation rules are roughly the same as in Japan. Blocks are yellow or grey. Many damaged blocks seem to be left unrepaired. Bangkok is a city with many vendors who set up their shops on sidewalks, which frequently cover the blocks.[10]

The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) released guidelines on access to buildings and services[21] in 2007, under the Disability Discrimination Act 1992. This recommends the use of Australian Standard AS/NZS 1428.4:2002 Design for access and mobility - Tactile indicators. The standard specifies the use of truncated cones, rather than domes (as used in the USA). HREOC describes the use of the standard.[22]

In Sydney, blocks are installed at rail and light rail station platforms, before exterior stairways, before exterior obstacles, and at airports and bus stops. Warning blocks and directional blocks are similar to those used in Japan, and installed in the same way, including at the Opera House and other well-known tourist spots. Unlike many other countries, however, blocks are not installed before crosswalks. At some rail and light rail stations, directional blocks lead from at or near the ticket gates to the platform. Blocks are yellow, silver, blue, green and grey. Blue blocks are frequently used at rail stations while yellow is often used at light rail stations.[10]

High-contrast tactile pavers at Sylvia Park Train Station in New Zealand. Note the line of paving along the edges of the station platform, connecting to the push-button intercom bollard in the centre, and then past the stairs to the rear of the station where the elevator is located (out of sight).

AS/NZS 1428.4.1:2009 provides the requirements relating to tactile ground surface indicators in New Zealand. Generally, the Standard (AS 1428.4.1:2009) makes available the provisions relating to tactile indicators within the built environment, while the New Zealand Transport Agency's RTS 14 'Guidelines for facilities for blind and vision impaired pedestrians' facilitates the requirements for tactile indicators within the road environment. Both apply various similar compliance prerequisites to tactile indicators, such as visual contrast, slip resistance in wet and dry conditions, the mean coefficient of friction, resistance to impact (shear strength), weathering resistance and UV stability, wear resistance, and general adhesion/bond strength, particularly when immersed in water.

In general, tactile indicators in New Zealand are required to:

• be detectable by tactile means;
• have a luminance-contrast to the surrounding substrate of:
  • not less than 30% across its entire area, if the tactile indicators are the same colour as the underlying surface for integrated tactile indicators;
  • not less than 45% if the tactile indicators are discrete (individually drilled and glued); and
  • not less than 65% for a diameter 25±1 on the raised section for composite-construction (made of two materials that are different colours) tactile indicators.
• be placed across the direction of travel to ensure detectability; and
• have a top surface that does not protrude more than 4-5 mm above the substrate.

Warning tactile indicators in New Zealand are mandatory at pedestrian cross-walks (also called pram ramps or kerb crossings in New Zealand), at the approaches to stairways, ramps, escalators and moving walkways, the approach to railway level crossings, bus hoarding areas, median cut-throughs, along the entire length of railway platform edges, and before any abrupt changes in grade to the walking surface (1:8 change with a kerb height of more than 70 mm). Warning tactile indicators in New Zealand need to be installed to the full width of the approach to the obstacle/hazard so as to minimise the risk of a vision-impaired person stepping over or through the pad and encountering the obstacle. In any event, the warning tactile indicator pad should be no less than 900 mm wide, except where that is physically impossible.

Directional tactile indicators are required to be installed at cross-walks, public transport access points and significant public facilities to provide directional guidance for vision-impaired people who have to deviate from the continuous accessible path of travel in order to gain access to the aforementioned. Directional tactile indicators should always point in the directional of travel to achieve this.

In Brussels, blocks are installed before crosswalks, at bus stops and at subway and rail stations and platforms. Most blocks are grey, with yellow, silver and black blocks also used. Brussels has a mix of locations where the blocks (warning and directional) and installation methods are similar to those in Japan and locations where block configuration and installation methods are unique to Belgium.

One of the Belgium-specific blocks uses metal disks of roughly 85 mm in diameter and 8 mm in height. In Japan, the prescribed size of warning block protrusions is 22 mm in diameter (±1.5 mm) and 5 mm in height, a size designed to promote mobility by the vision impaired without impeding the movement of wheelchair users or elderly pedestrians. Given the large size, height and slipperiness of the metal disks used in the Belgian blocks, they are likely to present a significant obstacle for wheelchair users, children and the elderly. In one part of the city, metal bars are embedded in the road surface where warning blocks would be expected—at the top of stairs and escalators, for example. Being only 3 mm in height, these protrusions create no obstacle for wheelchair users or elderly pedestrians but also seem likely to go unnoticed by the vision impaired. In some places, similar metal bars are embedded in the road surface and serve a directional function. Rubber warning blocks are also sometimes installed at bus stops where directional blocks intersect. Brussels, therefore, presents a mix of block types and installation styles that may create confusion for people with impaired vision.[10]

In Paris, warning blocks are installed before crosswalks, at the tops and bottoms of stairs leading in and out of subway stations, and on subway and train platforms. In some areas, blocks serving a directional function are installed within crosswalks. Most blocks are white, but black, grey and pale yellow are also used. To protect the scenery, subway station signs and other prominent man-made objects are not installed near historical sites such as the Arc de Triomphe, the Paris National Opera, the Louvre or the Place de la Concorde. However, tactile ground surface indicators, in colors that stand out (white and yellow), are an exception. Since 2008, Paris has been emphasizing barrier-free accessibility, including such experimental efforts as the uniquely configured blocks installed at the Montparnasse rail station.[10]

Most railway stations and tram or bus stops are fitted with lines of tactile paving, similar in layout to those in Japan. Parallel lines indicate the direction of the line. The paved lines cross over at intersections. Tactile paving at those locations is usually in white or yellow. Some larger cities, such as Leipzig have installed tactile paving throughout their city centers, including normal signs requesting that the paving be kept free of obstacles.

From the scientific collaboration between the Italian Union of the Blind and Vision Impaired (ONLUS) and industrial partners, from experimental results, was born the "LVE systems", a tactile paving aimed at the mobility of people with vision acuity difficulties. It is capable to greater autonomy and security for people with vision acuity difficulties as shown by numerous tests of verification and testing conducted made by ONLUS and the associations linked to it.

Inspired by a few, clear design principles (universality of signs, safety, durability), the system allows endless applications in both exterior and interior. The modular elements that make up the path, with channels specially designed in shape, spacing, height and radius of the relief, and colour contrast, allow the blind and partially-sighted to navigate a route through their and soles, with a white stick, .

The LVE system is equipped with a tactile TAG-RFG (Radio frequency ground) that are picked up by an electronic baton.

In Amsterdam, blocks are installed before crosswalks, at medians, and on tram and subway platforms. Both warning blocks and directional blocks are installed according to the same rules as in Japan. Netherlands-specific blocks are used in addition to blocks configured like those in Japan. Most directional blocks are white or grey, while warning blocks are yellow or grey. Where directional and warning blocks are used together, the color of the blocks is often not uniform. Netherlands-specific blocks include some with thin recessed lines. With very little surface irregularity, such blocks are extremely difficult to detect with the feet or a white cane. Grooves carved into the pavement at subway station platforms are also difficult for people with impaired vision to recognize.[10]

In Izmir, tactile ground surface indicators are installed at many locations throughout the city. They are prevalent in the Karsiyaka, Alsancak and Konak districts on sidewalks running along the Gulf of Izmir. They are also located around ferry buildings and metro stations. In Istanbul, the train stations have ongoing works for cautionary, tactile yellow lines. Within this framework, work is currently being done on the installation of tactile paving which guides vision-impaired people from when they enter the station until they board a train.[23]

Tactile ground surface indicators are installed in accordance with unique standards established by the United Kingdom's Department for Transport. Blocks with dots and blocks with bars are used, but both types are intended as warning blocks; neither serves a directional function. Blocks are mainly installed before crosswalks, at medians, at station platforms and at the tops and bottoms of stairways. Blocks with dots are for installations at crosswalks, medians and station platforms while blocks with bars are for installations at stairways. The color of blocks installed before crosswalks is also supposed to vary with crosswalk type: red blocks are to be used before controlled crossings,[24] such as zebra crossings (where pedestrians always have the right of way), pelican crossings (equipped with push-button traffic lights) and puffin crossings (with sensor-equipped push button traffic lights). Other colors (often buff) are to be used at other crosswalks where automobiles have the right of way.

A typical "L-shape" of tactile paving at a controlled crossing in the UK

The difference in colour is intended to assist people with low vision to navigate the crosswalk safely, but many locations do not conform to the established colours. Different colour blocks are also sometimes installed when repairs are made. Blocks are installed in an L-shaped configuration at crosswalks with push-button traffic signals, with the corner of the L marking the location of the push button. Blocks with bars are installed at the top and bottom of stairways such that the direction of the bars is parallel to the long dimension of the treads.[10]

Blocks with bars are also used to mark cycle tracks, but with the bars parallel to the direction of travel.[25]