Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is a bacterial species belonging to genus Thermodesulfobacterium, which are thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria.[1][2][3] This species is found in aquatic areas of high temperature, and lives in freshwater like most, but not all Thermodesulfobacterium species[4][5] It was first isolated from hotsprings in Iceland.[6]

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Thermodesulfobacteriota
Class: Thermodesulfobacteria
Order: Thermodesulfobacteriales
Family: Thermodesulfobacteriaceae
Genus: Thermodesulfobacterium
Species:
T. hveragerdense
Binomial name
Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense
Sonne-Hansen and Ahring 2000

Habitat

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is a thermophile, which means that it thrives at high temperatures. It is found in aquatic niches where the temperature is very high and where there is an abundance of sulfur deposits.[4] Thus, they are found in or near volcanic hot springs that are slightly acidic.[4] Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is capable of growing in temperatures that range from 55 °C to 74 °C (131 °F to 166 °C), but their optimal growth temperature is 70-74 °C.[4] Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense thrives in slightly acidic pH levels, with the optimal pH for growth being 6.5-7.0.[5]

Cell morphology

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense inhabits bacterial mats and, hence, it lacks a flagellum for mobility.[4] The cell is cylindrical, its dimensions being 2.5μm × 0.5μm.[6][4] This roughly equates to a cell body volume of 1.96 μm3. The cells form chains of up to three cells long, rarely exceeding this number.[4]

Cell membrane

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense has a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The lipids of the membrane are mainly dietherglycerophospholipids(DEG-P), but there are also many diacylglycerophospholipids(DAG-P) and acyl/etherglycerophospholipids(AEG-P) in the lipid bilayer as well.[7] The bilayer also contains minute amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) compounds in it, mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and aminopentanetetral.[7]

Metabolism

Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is not an anaerobic organotrophic organism, which means that it relies on organic substances for nutrition and it does not require oxygen. Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is a sulfur-reducing bacteria.[8][9] It utilizes sulfate (SO4−2) as electron acceptors, and thiosulfate and sulfite as electron donors. The reducing of sulfur and the elimination the oxygen, yields hydrogen sulfide(H2S).[8][9] Hydrogen sulfide is responsible for what is referred to as rotten egg smell.

Genome

The genome of Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense, has been sequenced via whole genome shotgun sequencing.[10] The genome consists of 1.7 million base pairs(Mbp), and contained a total of 1,810 genes.[10] Specific information about the genome is listed below:

Genome Size: 1,726,173 base pairs

Total Genes: 1,810 genes

Coding Genes: 1,696 genes

Coding Sequences: 1,758 sequences

Protein Coding Sequences: 1,696 sequences

RNA Genes: 52 RNA genes

rRNAs: 1 5s rRNA, 1 16s rRNA, 1 23s rRNA

5s rRNA: This rRNA is important for ribosomal structure stabilization during protein synthesis, which actually enhances protein synthesis.[11] This also helps determine the phylogenetic trees of many organisms
16s rRNA: This rRNA is used for phylogenetic purposes, because the function of this gene has not changed over time, it is present in most bacteria, and the sequence is large enough to informatic purposes as well.[12]
23s rRNA: This rRNA is very important in the process of binding tRNA to ribosomal functional sites.[13]

tRNAs: 46 tRNAs[10]

ncRNAs: 3 ncRNAs[10]

Pseudogenes: 62 pseudo genes[10]

References
  1. Parte, Aidan C. (January 1, 2014). "LPSN—list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D613–D616. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1111. PMC 3965054. PMID 24243842.
  2. "Taxonomy browser (Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense DSM 12571)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  3. Jeanthon, Christian; L'Haridon, Stéphane; Cueff, Valérie; Banta, Amy; Reysenbach, Anna-Louise; Prieur, Daniel (May 1, 2002). "Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent at Guaymas Basin, and emendation of the genus Thermodesulfobacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 3): 765–772. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-3-765. PMID 12054236.
  4. Sonne-Hansen, J.; Ahring, B. K. (December 1, 1999). "Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense sp. nov., and Thermodesulfovibrio islandicus sp. nov., two thermophilic sulfate reducing bacteria isolated from a Icelandic hot spring". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 22 (4): 559–564. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80009-5. PMID 10794144.
  5. Slobodkin, A. I.; Reysenbach, A. L.; Slobodkina, G. B.; Baslerov, R. V.; Kostrikina, N. A.; Wagner, I. D.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A. (2012). "Thermosulfurimonas dismutans gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic sulfur-disproportionating bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 11): 2565–71. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.034397-0. PMID 22199218.
  6. "Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense JSP | Type strain | DSM 12571 | BacDiveID:16893". bacdive.dsmz.de.
  7. Sturt, Helen F.; Summons, Roger E.; Smith, Kristin; Elvert, Marcus; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe (May 1, 2004). "Intact polar membrane lipids in prokaryotes and sediments deciphered by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry--new biomarkers for biogeochemistry and microbial ecology". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 18 (6): 617–628. Bibcode:2004RCMS...18..617S. doi:10.1002/rcm.1378. PMID 15052572.
  8. [Muyzer, G.; Stams, A. J. (June 2008). "The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria" (PDF). Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 (6): 441–454. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1892. PMID 18461075]
  9. [Ernst-Detlef Schulze; Harold A. Mooney (1993), Biodiversity and ecosystem function, Springer-Verlag, pp. 88–90, ISBN 9783540581031]
  10. "Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense DSM 12571, whole genome shotgun sequencing project". December 15, 2019 – via NCBI Nucleotide. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Szymanski, Maciej; Barciszewska, Miroslawa Z.; Erdmann, Volker A.; Barciszewski, Jan (January 1, 2002). "5S Ribosomal RNA Database". Nucleic Acids Research. 30 (1): 176–178. doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.176. PMC 99124. PMID 11752286.
  12. Janda, J. Michael; Abbott, Sharon L. (September 1, 2007). "16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (9): 2761–2764. doi:10.1128/JCM.01228-07. PMC 2045242. PMID 17626177.
  13. Bocchetta, Maurizio; Xiong, Liqun; Mankin, Alexander S. (31 March 1998). "23S rRNA positions essential for tRNA binding in ribosomal functional sites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (7): 3525–3530. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.3525B. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3525. PMC 19869. PMID 9520399.
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