Uterine inversion

Uterine inversion
Uterine inversion
	Complete inverted uterus
Specialty	Obstetrics
Symptoms	Postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, mass in the vagina, low blood pressure[1]
Types	First, second, third, fourth degree[1]
Risk factors	Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders[1]
Diagnostic method	Seeing the inside of the uterus in the vagina[2]
Differential diagnosis	Uterine fibroid, uterine atony, bleeding disorder, retained placenta[1]
Treatment	Standard resuscitation, rapidly replacing the uterus[1]
Medication	Oxytocin, antibiotics[1]
Prognosis	~15% risk of death[3]
Frequency	About 1 in 6,000 deliveries[1][4]

Uterine inversion is when the uterus turns inside out, usually following childbirth.[1] Symptoms include postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure.[1] Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy.[5]

Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached.[1] Other risk factors include uterine atony, placenta previa, and connective tissue disorders.[1] Diagnosis is by seeing the inside of the uterus either in or coming out of the vagina.[2][6]

Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible.[1] If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required.[1] After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended.[1] The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached.[1]

Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries.[1][4] Rates are higher in the developing world.[1] The risk of death of the mother is about 15% while historically it has been as high as 80%.[3][1] The condition has been described since at least 300 BC by Hippocrates.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Drawing of an inverted uterus

Uterine inversion is often associated with significant postpartum bleeding. Traditionally it was thought that it presented with haemodynamic shock "out of proportion" with blood loss, however blood loss has often been underestimated. The parasympathetic effect of traction on the uterine ligaments may cause bradycardia.

Causes

The most common cause is the mismanagement of 3rd stage of labor, such as:

Fundal pressure
Excess cord traction during the 3rd stage of labor

Other natural causes can be:

Uterine weakness, congenital or not
Precipitate delivery
Short umbilical cord

It is more common in multiple gestation than in singleton pregnancies.

Associations

Placenta praevia
Fundal Placental Implantation
Use of Magnesium Sulfate
Vigorous fundal pressure
Repeated cord traction
short umbilical cord

Types

Incomplete (left) and complete (right) inversion of the uterus

One: Complete. Visible outside the cervix.
Two: Incomplete. Visible only at the cervix.[7]

Treatment

Manual replacement of the uterus

Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible.[1] If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required.[1] After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended.[1] The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached.[1]

Epidemiology

Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries.[1][4] Rates are higher in the developing world.[1]

References

Bhalla, Rita; Wuntakal, Rekha; Odejinmi, Funlayo; Khan, Rehan U (January 2009). "Acute inversion of the uterus". The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 11 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1576/toag.11.1.13.27463.
Mirza, FG; Gaddipati, S (April 2009). "Obstetric emergencies". Seminars in Perinatology. 33 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.01.003. PMID 19324238.
Gandhi, Alpesh; Malhotra, Narendra; Malhotra, Jaideep; Gupta, Nidhi; Bora, Neharika Malhotra (2016). Principles of Critical Care in Obstetrics. Springer. p. 335. ISBN 9788132226925.
Andersen, H. Frank; Hopkins, Michael P. (2009). "Postpartum Hemorrhage". The Global Library of Women's Medicine. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10138.
Mehra, R; Siwatch, S; Arora, S; Kundu, R (12 December 2013). "Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma". BMJ Case Reports. 2013: bcr2013200578. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200578. PMC 3863018. PMID 24334469.
Apuzzio, Joseph J.; Vintzileos, Anthony M.; Berghella, Vincenzo; Alvarez-Perez, Jesus R. (2017). Operative Obstetrics, 4E. CRC Press. p. PT822. ISBN 9781498720588.
Uterine inversion Archived 2009-10-04 at the Wayback Machine - Better Health Channel; State of Victoria, Australia; accessed 2009-04-03

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[Bh2009-1] Bhalla, Rita; Wuntakal, Rekha; Odejinmi, Funlayo; Khan, Rehan U (January 2009). "Acute inversion of the uterus". The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 11 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1576/toag.11.1.13.27463.

[Mir2009-2] Mirza, FG; Gaddipati, S (April 2009). "Obstetric emergencies". Seminars in Perinatology. 33 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.01.003. PMID 19324238.

[Gan2016-3] Gandhi, Alpesh; Malhotra, Narendra; Malhotra, Jaideep; Gupta, Nidhi; Bora, Neharika Malhotra (2016). Principles of Critical Care in Obstetrics. Springer. p. 335. ISBN 9788132226925.

[Gl2008-4] Andersen, H. Frank; Hopkins, Michael P. (2009). "Postpartum Hemorrhage". The Global Library of Women's Medicine. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10138.

[5] Mehra, R; Siwatch, S; Arora, S; Kundu, R (12 December 2013). "Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma". BMJ Case Reports. 2013: bcr2013200578. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200578. PMC 3863018. PMID 24334469.

[6] Apuzzio, Joseph J.; Vintzileos, Anthony M.; Berghella, Vincenzo; Alvarez-Perez, Jesus R. (2017). Operative Obstetrics, 4E. CRC Press. p. PT822. ISBN 9781498720588.

[7] Uterine inversion Archived 2009-10-04 at the Wayback Machine - Better Health Channel; State of Victoria, Australia; accessed 2009-04-03