IEEE 802.11ac-2013

IEEE 802.11ac-2013 or 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols (which is part of the Wi-Fi networking family), providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band.[lower-alpha 1] The standard has been retroactively labelled as Wi-Fi 5 by Wi-Fi Alliance.[4][5]

Wi-Fi Generations
Generation IEEE
Standard		 Maximum
Linkrate
(Mbit/s)		 Adopted Radio
Frequency
(GHz)[1]
Wi‑Fi 7 802.11be 40000 TBA 2.4/5/6
Wi‑Fi 6E 802.11ax 600 to 9608 2020 2.4/5/6
Wi‑Fi 6 2019 2.4/5
Wi‑Fi 5 802.11ac 433 to 6933 2014 5
Wi‑Fi 4 802.11n 72 to 600 2008 2.4/5
(Wi-Fi 3*) 802.11g 6 to 54 2003 2.4
(Wi-Fi 2*) 802.11a 6 to 54 1999 5
(Wi-Fi 1*) 802.11b 1 to 11 1999 2.4
(Wi-Fi 0*) 802.11 1 to 2 1997 2.4
*: (Wi-Fi 0, 1, 2, 3, are unbranded common usage.[2][3])

The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1.1 gigabit per second (1.1 Gbit/s) and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (0.5 Gbit/s).[6] This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).[7][8]

The Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of ac wireless products into two phases ("waves"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2".[9][10] From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11ac products shipped by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year).[11] Subsequently in 2016, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, which includes additional features like MU-MIMO (down-link only), 160 MHz channel width support, support for more 5 GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compared to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ax specification).[12] It meant Wave 2 products would have higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products.[13]

New technologies

New technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:[8][14]

  • Extended channel binding
    • Optional 160 MHz and mandatory 80 MHz channel bandwidth for stations; cf. 40 MHz maximum in 802.11n.
  • More MIMO spatial streams
    • Support for up to eight spatial streams (vs. four in 802.11n)
  • Downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO, allows up to four simultaneous downlink MU-MIMO clients)
    • Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
      • Space-division multiple access (SDMA): streams not separated by frequency, but instead resolved spatially, analogous to 11n-style MIMO.
    • Downlink MU-MIMO (one transmitting device, multiple receiving devices) included as an optional mode.
  • Modulation
    • 256-QAM, rate 3/4 and 5/6, added as optional modes (vs. 64-QAM, rate 5/6 maximum in 802.11n).
    • Some vendors offer a non-standard 1024-QAM mode, providing 25% higher data rate compared to 256-QAM
  • Other elements/features
    • Beamforming with standardized sounding and feedback for compatibility between vendors (non-standard in 802.11n made it hard for beamforming to work effectively between different vendor products)
    • MAC modifications (mostly to support above changes)
    • Coexistence mechanisms for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, 11ac and 11a/n devices
    • Adds four new fields to the PPDU header identifying the frame as a very high throughput (VHT) frame as opposed to 802.11n's high throughput (HT) or earlier. The first three fields in the header are readable by legacy devices to allow coexistence

Features

Mandatory
  • Borrowed from the 802.11a/802.11g specifications:
    • 800 ns regular guard interval
    • Binary convolutional coding (BCC)
    • Single spatial stream
  • Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
    • 80 MHz channel bandwidths

Optional
  • Borrowed from the 802.11n specification:
    • Two to four spatial streams
    • Low-density parity-check code (LDPC)
    • Space–time block coding (STBC)
    • Transmit beamforming (TxBF)
    • 400 ns short guard interval (SGI)
  • Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
    • five to eight spatial streams
    • 160 MHz channel bandwidths (contiguous 80+80)
    • 80+80 MHz channel bonding (discontiguous 80+80)
    • MCS 8/9 (256-QAM)

New scenarios and configurations

The single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.[15]

With the inclusion of USB 3.0 interface, 802.11ac access points and routers can use locally attached storage to provide various services that fully utilize their WLAN capacities, such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.[16] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished.

Example configurations

All rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:

ScenarioTypical client
form factor		PHY link rateAggregate
capacity
(speed)
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 80 MHzHandheld433 Mbit/s433 Mbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 80 MHzTablet, laptop867 Mbit/s867 Mbit/s
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 160 MHzHandheld867 Mbit/s867 Mbit/s
Three-antenna AP, three-antenna STA, 80 MHzLaptop, PC1.30 Gbit/s1.30 Gbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 160 MHzTablet, laptop1.73 Gbit/s1.73 Gbit/s
Four-antenna AP, four one-antenna STAs, 160 MHz
(MU-MIMO)		Handheld867 Mbit/s to each STA3.39 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)
  • one four-antenna STA
  • one two-antenna STA
  • two one-antenna STAs
 Digital TV, Set-top Box,
Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld
  • 3.47 Gbit/s to four-antenna STA
  • 1.73 Gbit/s to two-antenna STA
  • 867 Mbit/s to each one-antenna STA
 6.93 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, four 2-antenna STAs, 160 MHz
(MU-MIMO)		Digital TV, tablet, laptop, PC1.73 Gbit/s to each STA6.93 Gbit/s

Wave 1 vs. Wave 2

Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The maximum physical layer theoretical rate for Wave 1 is 1.3 Gbit/s, while Wave 2 can reach 2.34 Gbit/s. Wave 2 can therefore achieve 1 Gbit/s even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.[13]

Data rates and speed
Modulation and coding schemes
MCS
index[lower-alpha 2]		 Spatial
Streams		 Modulation
type		 Coding
rate		 Data rate (Mbit/s)[17]
20 MHz channels 40 MHz channels 80 MHz channels 160 MHz channels
800 ns GI400 ns GI 800 ns GI400 ns GI 800 ns GI400 ns GI 800 ns GI400 ns GI
01BPSK1/26.57.213.51529.332.558.565
11QPSK1/21314.4273058.565117130
21QPSK3/419.521.740.54587.897.5175.5195
3116-QAM1/22628.95460117130234260
4116-QAM3/43943.38190175.5195351390
5164-QAM2/35257.8108120234260468520
6164-QAM3/458.565121.5135263.3292.5526.5585
7164-QAM5/66572.2135150292.5325585650
81256-QAM3/47886.7162180351390702780
91256-QAM5/6——180200390433.3780866.7
02BPSK1/21314.4273058.565117130
12QPSK1/22628.95460117130234260
22QPSK3/43943.38190175.5195351390
3216-QAM1/25257.8108120234260468520
4216-QAM3/47886.7162180351390702780
5264-QAM2/3104115.62162404685209361040
6264-QAM3/4117130.3243270526.558510531170
7264-QAM5/6130144.427030058565011701300
82256-QAM3/4156173.332436070278014041560
92256-QAM5/6——360400780866.715601733.3
03BPSK1/219.521.740.54587.897.5175.5195
13QPSK1/23943.38190175.5195351390
23QPSK3/458.565121.5135263.3292.5526.5585
3316-QAM1/27886.7162180351390702780
4316-QAM3/4117130243270526.558510531170
5364-QAM2/3156173.332436070278014041560
6364-QAM3/4175.5195364.5405——1579.51755
7364-QAM5/6195216.7405450877.597517551950
83256-QAM3/42342604865401053117021062340
93256-QAM5/6260288.95406001170130023402600
04BPSK1/22628.85460117.2130234260
14QPSK1/25257.6108120234260468520
2 4 QPSK 3/4 78 86.8 162 180 351.2 390 702 780
3 4 16-QAM 1/2 104 115.6 216 240 468 520 936 1040
4 4 16-QAM 3/4 156 173.2 324 360 702 780 1404 1560
5 4 64-QAM 2/3 208 231.2 432 480 936 1040 1872 2080
6 4 64-QAM 3/4 234 260 486 540 1053.2 1170 2106 2340
7 4 64-QAM 5/6 260 288.8 540 600 1170 1300 2340 2600
8 4 256-QAM 3/4 312 346.8 648 720 1404 1560 2808 3120
9 4 256-QAM 5/6—— 720 800 1560 1733.3 3120 3466.7

Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices are expected to become official in the 802.11ax standard (~2019), the successor to 802.11ac.

160 MHz channels, and thus the throughput might be unusable in some countries/regions due to regulatory issues that allocated some frequencies for other purposes.

Advertised speeds

802.11ac-class device wireless speeds are often advertised as AC followed by a number, that number being the highest link rates in Mbit/s of all the simultaneously-usable radios in the device added up. For example, an AC1900 access point might have 600 Mbit/s capability on its 2.4 GHz radio and 1300 Mbit/s capability on its 5 GHz radio. No single client device could connect and achieve 1900 Mbit/s of throughput, but separate devices each connecting to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radios could achieve combined throughput approaching 1900 Mbit/s. Different possible stream configurations can add up to the same AC number.

Type2.4 GHz band[lower-alpha 1]
Mbit/s		2.4 GHz band config
[all 40 MHz]		5 GHz band
Mbit/s		5 GHz band config
[all 80 MHz]
AC450[18]--4331 stream @ MCS 9
AC6001501 stream @ MCS 74331 stream @ MCS 9
AC7503002 streams @ MCS 74331 stream @ MCS 9
AC1000 300 2 streams @ MCS 7 650 2 streams @ MCS 7
AC12003002 streams @ MCS 78672 streams @ MCS 9
AC13004002 streams @ 256-QAM8672 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300[19]--1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC1350[20]4503 streams @ MCS 78672 streams @ MCS 9
AC14504503 streams @ MCS 79753 streams @ MCS 7
AC16003002 streams @ MCS 71,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC17008004 streams @ 256-QAM8672 streams @ MCS 9
AC17504503 streams @ MCS 71,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC1900600[lower-alpha 3]3 streams @ 256-QAM1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC21008004 streams @ 256-QAM1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC22004503 streams @ MCS 71,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC23006004 streams @ MCS 71,6253 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC24006004 streams @ MCS 71,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC2600800[lower-alpha 3]4 streams @ 256-QAM1,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC2900750[lower-alpha 4]3 streams @ 1024-QAM2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC30004503 streams @ MCS 71,300 + 1,3003 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC31501000[lower-alpha 4]4 streams @ 1024-QAM2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC3200600[lower-alpha 3]3 streams @ 256-QAM1,300 + 1,300[lower-alpha 5]3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC50006004 streams @ MCS 72,167 + 2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2
AC5300[23]1000[lower-alpha 4]4 streams @ 1024-QAM2,167 + 2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2

Products

Commercial routers and access points

Quantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.[24] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.[25] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners[26] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.[27] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.[28] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.[29]

Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.[30] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.[31]

Commercial laptops

On June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac[32] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version).

Apple began implementing 802.11ac starting with the MacBook Air in June 2013,[33][34] followed by the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro later that year.[35][36]

As of December 2013, Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.[37]

Commercial handsets (partial list)

Commercial tablets

Chipsets

Notes
  1. 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
  2. MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.
  3. With 802.11n, 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band can be achieved by using four spatial streams at 150 Mbit/s each. As of December 2014, commercially available devices that achieve 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band use 3 spatial streams at 200 Mbit/s each.[21][22] This requires the use of 256-QAM modulation, which is not compliant with 802.11n and can be considered a proprietary extension.[22]
  4. With proprietary extension to 802.11n, using 40MHz channel in 2.4GHz, 400ns guard interval, 1024-QAM, and 4 spatial streams.
  5. As of December 2014, commercially available AC3200 devices use two separate radios with 1,300 Mbit/s each to achieve 2,600 Mbit/s total in the 5 GHz band.

Comparison
IEEE 802.11 network PHY standards
Frequency
range, or type		 PHY Protocol Release date[57] Frequency Bandwidth Stream data rate[58] Allowable
MIMO streams		 Modulation Approximate range
Indoor Outdoor
(GHz) (MHz) (Mbit/s)
1–6 GHz DSSS/FHSS[59] 802.11-1997 Jun 1997 2.4 22 1, 2 — DSSS, FHSS 20 m (66 ft) 100 m (330 ft)
HR-DSSS[59] 802.11b Sep 1999 2.4 22 1, 2, 5.5, 11 — DSSS 35 m (115 ft) 140 m (460 ft)
OFDM 802.11a Sep 1999 5 5/10/20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
(for 20 MHz bandwidth,
divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz)		 — OFDM 35 m (115 ft) 120 m (390 ft)
802.11j Nov 2004 4.9/5.0[D][60] ? ?
802.11p Jul 2010 5.9 ? 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[61]
802.11y Nov 2008 3.7[A] ? 5,000 m (16,000 ft)[A]
ERP-OFDM 802.11g Jun 2003 2.4 38 m (125 ft) 140 m (460 ft)
HT-OFDM[62] 802.11n
(Wi-Fi 4)		 Oct 2009 2.4/5 20 Up to 288.8[B] 4 MIMO-OFDM 70 m (230 ft) 250 m (820 ft)[63]
40 Up to 600[B]
VHT-OFDM[62] 802.11ac
(Wi-Fi 5)		 Dec 2013 5 20 Up to 346.8[B] 8 MIMO-OFDM 35 m (115 ft)[64] ?
40 Up to 800[B]
80 Up to 1733.2[B]
160 Up to 3466.8[B]
HE-OFDMA 802.11ax
(Wi-Fi 6)		 Feb 2021 2.4/5/6 20 Up to 1147[F] 8 MIMO-OFDM 30 m (98 ft) 120 m (390 ft) [G]
40 Up to 2294[F]
80 Up to 4804[F]
80+80 Up to 9608[F]
mmWave DMG[65] 802.11ad Dec 2012 60 2,160 Up to 6,757[66]
(6.7 Gbit/s)		 — OFDM, single carrier, low-power single carrier 3.3 m (11 ft)[67] ?
802.11aj Apr 2018 45/60[C] 540/1,080[68] Up to 15,000[69]
(15 Gbit/s)		 4[70] OFDM, single carrier[70] ? ?
EDMG[71] 802.11ay Est. March 2021 60 8000 Up to 20,000 (20 Gbit/s)[72] 4 OFDM, single carrier 10 m (33 ft) 100 m (328 ft)
Sub-1 GHz IoT TVHT[73] 802.11af Feb 2014 0.054–0.79 6–8 Up to 568.9[74] 4 MIMO-OFDM ? ?
S1G[73] 802.11ah Dec 2016 0.7/0.8/0.9 1–16 Up to 8.67 (@2 MHz)[75] 4 ? ?
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz WUR 802.11ba[E] Oct 2021 2.4/5 4.06 0.0625, 0.25 (62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s) — OOK (Multi-carrier OOK) ? ?
Light (Li-Fi) IR 802.11-1997 Jun 1997 ? ? 1, 2 — PPM ? ?
? 802.11bb Est. Jul 2022 60000-790000 ? ? — ? ? ?
802.11 Standard rollups
  802.11-2007 Mar 2007 2.4, 5 Up to 54 DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2012 Mar 2012 2.4, 5 Up to 150[B] DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2016 Dec 2016 2.4, 5, 60 Up to 866.7 or 6,757[B] DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2020 Dec 2020 2.4, 5, 60 Up to 866.7 or 6,757[B] DSSS, OFDM
  • A1 A2 IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009, it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC.
  • B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Based on short guard interval; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference.
  • C1 For Chinese regulation.
  • D1 For Japanese regulation.
  • E1 Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation.
  • F1 F2 F3 F4 For single-user cases only, based on default guard interval which is 0.8 micro seconds. Since multi-user via OFDMA has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the multi-path components in the environment.
  • G1 The default guard interval is 0.8 micro seconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available guard interval to 3.2 micro seconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments.

See also
  • IEEE 802.11ad

Notes

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