List of American League pennant winners
Each Major League Baseball (MLB) season, one American League (AL) team wins the pennant, signifying that they are the league's champion and have the right to play in the World Series against the champion of the National League (NL). The pennant was presented to the team with the best win–loss record each year through the 1968 season,[1] after which the AL Championship Series (ALCS) was introduced to decide the pennant winner.[2] The first modern World Series was played in 1903 and, after a hiatus in 1904, has taken place every season except 1994,[2] when a players' strike forced the cancellation of the postseason.[3] The current AL pennant holders are the Houston Astros who won the pennant on October 23, 2022.
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In 1969, the AL split into two divisions,[4] and the teams with the best records in each division played one another in the five-game ALCS to determine the pennant winner, who received (and continues to receive) the William Harridge Trophy.[5] The trophy featured a golden eagle, the league's emblem, sitting atop a silver baseball and clutching the AL banner.[6] Since 2017, the trophy is all silver with a pennant on top. The trophy is named for Will Harridge, who was league president from 1931 to 1958.[7] The format of the ALCS was changed from a best-of-five to a best-of-seven format in the 1985 postseason.[8] In 1995, an additional playoff series was added when MLB restructured into three divisions in each league.[9] As of 2010, the winners of the Eastern, Central, and Western Divisions, as well as the AL Wild Card winner, play in the AL Division Series, a best-of-five playoff to determine the opponents who will play in the ALCS.[10] AL pennant winners have gone on to win the World Series 66 times, most recently in 2018.
The New York Yankees have won 40 AL pennants,[11] winning their first in 1921 and their most recent in 2009.[12] This total is more than twice that of the next-closest team, the Oakland Athletics, who have won 15.[13] They are followed by the Boston Red Sox and the Detroit Tigers, with 14 and 11 pennants won respectively.[14][15] The Yankees have the most pennants since the introduction of the ALCS in 1969 with 11, followed by the Athletics, Red Sox, and the Baltimore Orioles with 6, 6, and 5 respectively. The Yankees also hold the record for most wins by a pennant-winning team, with their 1998 team winning 114 out of 162 games,[16] finishing 22 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox.[17] The 1954 Cleveland Indians won the most games of any pennant winner under the pre-1969 system, winning 111 out of their 154 games[18] and finishing eight games ahead of the Yankees.[19] The Milwaukee Brewers won the AL pennant in 1982 but later moved to the NL starting in the 1998 season.[20]
The only current MLB franchise to have never won a league pennant—and therefore, to have never appeared in the World Series—is the Seattle Mariners.[21][22]
Key
Year | Links to the corresponding "Major League Baseball season" article |
Team | Links to the corresponding year in which the team played |
Record | Regular season win–loss record |
GA | Games ahead of the second-place team (1901–1968) |
Ahead of | The second-place team (1901–1968) |
WW | Wins by the winning team (ALCS era) |
LW | Wins by the losing team (ALCS era) |
Ref | Reference |
Won World Series (modern era only) | |
E | American League East division member (1969–present) |
C | American League Central division member (1995–present) |
W | American League West division member (1969–present) |
† | Wild card team (1995–present) |
Pre-expansion (1901–1968)
Year | Team | Manager | Record | GA | Ahead of | Manager | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Chicago White Stockings | Clark Griffith | 83–53 | 4 | Boston Americans | Jimmy Collins | [23] |
1902 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 83–53 | 5 | St. Louis Browns | Jimmy McAleer | [24] |
1903 | Boston Americans | Jimmy Collins | 91–47 | 14½ | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [25] |
1904 | Boston Americans | Jimmy Collins | 95–59 | 1½ | New York Highlanders | Clark Griffith | [26] |
1905 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 92–56 | 2 | Chicago White Sox | Fielder Jones | [27] |
1906 | Chicago White Sox | Fielder Jones | 93–58 | 3 | New York Highlanders | Clark Griffith | [28] |
1907 | Detroit Tigers | Hughie Jennings | 92–58 | 1½ | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [29] |
1908 | Detroit Tigers | Hughie Jennings | 90–63 | ½ | Cleveland Naps | Nap Lajoie | [30] |
1909 | Detroit Tigers | Hughie Jennings | 98–54 | 3½ | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [31] |
1910 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 102–48 | 14½ | New York Highlanders | Hal Chase | [32] |
1911 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 101–50 | 13½ | Detroit Tigers | Hughie Jennings | [33] |
1912 | Boston Red Sox | Jake Stahl | 105–47 | 14 | Washington Senators | Clark Griffith | [34] |
1913 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 96–57 | 6½ | Washington Senators | Clark Griffith | [35] |
1914 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 99–53 | 8½ | Boston Red Sox | Bill Carrigan | [36] |
1915 | Boston Red Sox | Bill Carrigan | 101–50 | 2½ | Detroit Tigers | Hughie Jennings | [37] |
1916 | Boston Red Sox | Bill Carrigan | 91–63 | 2 | Chicago White Sox | Pants Rowland | [38] |
1917 | Chicago White Sox | Pants Rowland | 100–54 | 9 | Boston Red Sox | Jack Barry | [39] |
1918 | Boston Red Sox | Ed Barrow | 75–51 | 2½ | Cleveland Indians | Lee Fohl | [40] |
1919 | Chicago White Sox | Kid Gleason | 88–52 | 3½ | Cleveland Indians | Tris Speaker | [41] |
1920 | Cleveland Indians | Tris Speaker | 98–56 | 2 | Chicago White Sox | Kid Gleason | [42] |
1921 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 98–55 | 4½ | Cleveland Indians | Tris Speaker | [43] |
1922 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 94–60 | 1 | St. Louis Browns | Lee Fohl | [44] |
1923 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 98–54 | 16 | Detroit Tigers | Ty Cobb | [45] |
1924 | Washington Senators | Bucky Harris | 92–62 | 2 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | [46] |
1925 | Washington Senators | Bucky Harris | 96–55 | 8½ | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [47] |
1926 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 91–63 | 3 | Cleveland Indians | Tris Speaker | [48] |
1927 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 110–44 | 19 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [49] |
1928 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | 101–53 | 2½ | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [50] |
1929 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 104–46 | 18 | New York Yankees | Miller Huggins | [51] |
1930 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 102–52 | 8 | Washington Senators | Walter Johnson | [52] |
1931 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | 107–45 | 13½ | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | [53] |
1932 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 107–47 | 13 | Philadelphia Athletics | Connie Mack | [54] |
1933 | Washington Senators | Joe Cronin | 99–53 | 7 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | [55] |
1934 | Detroit Tigers | Mickey Cochrane | 101–53 | 7 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | [56] |
1935 | Detroit Tigers | Mickey Cochrane | 93–58 | 3 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | [57] |
1936 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 102–51 | 19½ | Detroit Tigers | Mickey Cochrane | [58] |
1937 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 102–52 | 13 | Detroit Tigers | Mickey Cochrane | [59] |
1938 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 99–53 | 9½ | Boston Red Sox | Joe Cronin | [60] |
1939 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 106–45 | 17 | Boston Red Sox | Joe Cronin | [61] |
1940 | Detroit Tigers | Del Baker | 90–53 | 1 | Cleveland Indians | Del Baker | [62] |
1941 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 101–53 | 17 | Boston Red Sox | Joe Cronin | [63] |
1942 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 103–51 | 9 | Boston Red Sox | Joe Cronin | [64] |
1943 | New York Yankees | Joe McCarthy | 98–49 | 13½ | Washington Senators | Ossie Bluege | [65] |
1944 | St. Louis Browns | Luke Sewell | 89–65 | 1 | Detroit Tigers | Steve O'Neill | [66] |
1945 | Detroit Tigers | Steve O'Neill | 88–65 | 1½ | Washington Senators | Ossie Bluege | [67] |
1946 | Boston Red Sox | Joe Cronin | 104–50 | 12 | Detroit Tigers | Steve O'Neill | [68] |
1947 | New York Yankees | Bucky Harris | 97–57 | 12 | Detroit Tigers | Steve O'Neill | [69] |
1948 | Cleveland Indians | Lou Boudreau | 97–58 | 1 | Boston Red Sox | Joe McCarthy | [70] |
1949 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 97–57 | 1 | Boston Red Sox | Joe McCarthy | [71] |
1950 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 98–56 | 3 | Detroit Tigers | Red Rolfe | [72] |
1951 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 98–56 | 5 | Cleveland Indians | Al López | [73] |
1952 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 95–59 | 2 | Cleveland Indians | Al López | [74] |
1953 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 99–52 | 8½ | Cleveland Indians | Al López | [75] |
1954 | Cleveland Indians | Al López | 111–43 | 8 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | [76] |
1955 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 96–58 | 3 | Cleveland Indians | Al López | [77] |
1956 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 97–57 | 9 | Cleveland Indians | Al López | [78] |
1957 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 98–56 | 8 | Chicago White Sox | Al López | [79] |
1958 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 92–62 | 10 | Chicago White Sox | Al López | [80] |
1959 | Chicago White Sox | Al López | 94–60 | 5 | Cleveland Indians | Joe Gordon | [81] |
1960 | New York Yankees | Casey Stengel | 97–57 | 8 | Baltimore Orioles | Paul Richards | [82] |
1961 | New York Yankees | Ralph Houk | 109–53 | 8 | Detroit Tigers | Bob Scheffing | [83] |
1962 | New York Yankees | Ralph Houk | 96–62 | 5 | Minnesota Twins | Sam Mele | [84] |
1963 | New York Yankees | Ralph Houk | 104–57 | 10½ | Chicago White Sox | Al López | [85] |
1964 | New York Yankees | Yogi Berra | 99–63 | 1 | Chicago White Sox | Al López | [86] |
1965 | Minnesota Twins | Sam Mele | 102–60 | 7 | Chicago White Sox | Al López | [87] |
1966 | Baltimore Orioles | Hank Bauer | 97–63 | 9 | Minnesota Twins | Sam Mele | [88] |
1967 | Boston Red Sox | Dick Williams | 92–70 | 1 | Detroit Tigers | Mayo Smith | [89] |
1968 | Detroit Tigers | Mayo Smith | 103–59 | 12 | Baltimore Orioles | Earl Weaver | [90] |
League Championship Series era (1969–present)
Year | Series | Winning team | Manager | Record | Games | Losing team | Manager | Record | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | 1969 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 109–53 | 3–0 | Minnesota TwinsW | Billy Martin | 97–65 | [91] |
1970 | 1970 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 108–54 | 3–0 | Minnesota TwinsW | Bill Rigney | 98–64 | [92] |
1971 | 1971 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 101–57 | 3–0 | Oakland AthleticsW | Dick Williams | 101–60 | [93] |
1972 | 1972 | Oakland AthleticsW | Dick Williams | 93–62 | 3–2 | Detroit TigersE | Billy Martin | 86–70 | [94] |
1973 | 1973 | Oakland AthleticsW | Dick Williams | 94–68 | 3–2 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 97–65 | [95] |
1974 | 1974 | Oakland AthleticsW | Alvin Dark | 90–72 | 3–1 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 91–71 | [96] |
1975 | 1975 | Boston Red SoxE | Darrell Johnson | 95–65 | 3–0 | Oakland AthleticsW | Alvin Dark | 98–64 | [97] |
1976 | 1976 | New York YankeesE | Billy Martin | 97–62 | 3–2 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Whitey Herzog | 90–72 | [98] |
1977 | 1977 | New York YankeesE | Billy Martin | 100–62 | 3–2 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Whitey Herzog | 102–60 | [99] |
1978 | 1978 | New York YankeesE | Bob Lemon | 100–63 | 3–1 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Whitey Herzog | 92–70 | [100] |
1979 | 1979 | Baltimore OriolesE | Earl Weaver | 102–57 | 3–1 | California AngelsW | Jim Fregosi | 88–74 | [101] |
1980 | 1980 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Jim Frey | 97–65 | 3–0 | New York YankeesE | Dick Howser | 103–59 | [102] |
1981[a] | 1981 | New York YankeesE | Bob Lemon | 59–48 | 3–0 | Oakland AthleticsW | Billy Martin | 64–45 | [103] |
1982 | 1982 | Milwaukee BrewersE | Harvey Kuenn | 95–67 | 3–2 | California AngelsW | Gene Mauch | 93–69 | [104] |
1983 | 1983 | Baltimore OriolesE | Joe Altobelli | 98–64 | 3–1 | Chicago White SoxW | Tony La Russa | 99–63 | [105] |
1984 | 1984 | Detroit TigersE | Sparky Anderson | 104–58 | 3–0 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Dick Howser | 84–78 | [106] |
1985 | 1985 | Kansas City RoyalsW | Dick Howser | 91–71 | 4–3 | Toronto Blue JaysE | Bobby Cox | 99–62 | [107] |
1986 | 1986 | Boston Red SoxE | John McNamara | 95–66 | 4–3 | California AngelsW | Gene Mauch | 92–70 | [108] |
1987 | 1987 | Minnesota TwinsW | Tom Kelly | 85–77 | 4–1 | Detroit TigersE | Sparky Anderson | 98–64 | [109] |
1988 | 1988 | Oakland AthleticsW | Tony La Russa | 104–58 | 4–0 | Boston Red SoxE | Joe Morgan | 89–73 | [110] |
1989 | 1989 | Oakland AthleticsW | Tony La Russa | 99–63 | 4–1 | Toronto Blue JaysE | Cito Gaston | 89–73 | [111] |
1990 | 1990 | Oakland AthleticsW | Tony La Russa | 103–59 | 4–0 | Boston Red SoxE | Joe Morgan | 88–74 | [112] |
1991 | 1991 | Minnesota TwinsW | Tom Kelly | 95–67 | 4–1 | Toronto Blue JaysE | Cito Gaston | 91–71 | [113] |
1992 | 1992 | Toronto Blue JaysE | Cito Gaston | 96–66 | 4–2 | Oakland AthleticsW | Tony La Russa | 96–66 | [114] |
1993 | 1993 | Toronto Blue JaysE | Cito Gaston | 95–67 | 4–2 | Chicago White SoxW | Gene Lamont | 94–68 | [115] |
1994 | Not held due to players' strike. | [116] | |||||||
1995[b] | 1995 | Cleveland IndiansC | Mike Hargrove | 100–44 | 4–2 | Seattle MarinersW | Lou Piniella | 79–66 | [9] |
1996 | 1996 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 92–70 | 4–1 | Baltimore OriolesE† | Davey Johnson | 88–74 | [117] |
1997 | 1997 | Cleveland IndiansC | Mike Hargrove | 86–75 | 4–2 | Baltimore OriolesE | Davey Johnson | 98–64 | [118] |
1998 | 1998 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 114–48 | 4–2 | Cleveland IndiansC | Mike Hargrove | 89–73 | [119] |
1999 | 1999 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 98–64 | 4–1 | Boston Red SoxE† | Jimy Williams | 94–68 | [120] |
2000 | 2000 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 87–74 | 4–2 | Seattle MarinersW† | Lou Piniella | 91–71 | [121] |
2001 | 2001 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 95–65 | 4–1 | Seattle MarinersW | Lou Piniella | 116–46 | [122] |
2002 | 2002 | Anaheim AngelsW† | Mike Scioscia | 99–63 | 4–1 | Minnesota TwinsC | Ron Gardenhire | 94–67 | [123] |
2003 | 2003 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 101–61 | 4–3 | Boston Red SoxE† | Grady Little | 95–67 | [124] |
2004 | 2004 | Boston Red SoxE† | Terry Francona | 98–64 | 4–3 | New York YankeesE | Joe Torre | 101–61 | [125] |
2005 | 2005 | Chicago White SoxC | Ozzie Guillén | 99–63 | 4–1 | Los Angeles Angels of AnaheimW[c] | Mike Scioscia | 95–67 | [126] |
2006 | 2006 | Detroit TigersC† | Jim Leyland | 95–67 | 4–0 | Oakland AthleticsW | Ken Macha | 93–69 | [127] |
2007 | 2007 | Boston Red SoxE | Terry Francona | 96–66 | 4–3 | Cleveland IndiansC | Eric Wedge | 96–66 | [128] |
2008 | 2008 | Tampa Bay RaysE | Joe Maddon | 97–65 | 4–3 | Boston Red SoxE† | Terry Francona | 95–67 | [129] |
2009 | 2009 | New York YankeesE | Joe Girardi | 103–59 | 4–2 | Los Angeles Angels of AnaheimW[c] | Mike Scioscia | 97–65 | [130] |
2010 | 2010 | Texas RangersW | Ron Washington | 90–72 | 4–2 | New York YankeesE† | Joe Girardi | 95–67 | [131] |
2011 | 2011 | Texas RangersW | Ron Washington | 100–62 | 4–2 | Detroit TigersC | Jim Leyland | 95–67 | [132] |
2012 | 2012 | Detroit TigersC | Jim Leyland | 88–74 | 4–0 | New York YankeesE | Joe Girardi | 95–67 | [133] |
2013 | 2013 | Boston Red SoxE | John Farrell | 97–65 | 4–2 | Detroit TigersC | Jim Leyland | 93–69 | [134] |
2014 | 2014 | Kansas City RoyalsC† | Ned Yost | 89–73 | 4–0 | Baltimore OriolesE | Buck Showalter | 96–66 | [135] |
2015 | 2015 | Kansas City RoyalsC | Ned Yost | 95–67 | 4–2 | Toronto Blue JaysE | John Gibbons | 93–69 | [136] |
2016 | 2016 | Cleveland IndiansC | Terry Francona | 94–67 | 4–1 | Toronto Blue JaysE† | John Gibbons | 89–73 | [137] |
2017 | 2017 | Houston AstrosW | A. J. Hinch | 101–61 | 4–3 | New York YankeesE† | Joe Girardi | 91–71 | [138] |
2018 | 2018 | Boston Red SoxE | Alex Cora | 108–54 | 4–1 | Houston AstrosW | A. J. Hinch | 103–59 | [139] |
2019 | 2019 | Houston AstrosW | A. J. Hinch | 107–55 | 4–2 | New York YankeesE | Aaron Boone | 103–59 | [140] |
2020 | 2020 | Tampa Bay RaysE | Kevin Cash | 40–20 | 4–3 | Houston AstrosW | Dusty Baker | 29–31 | [141] |
2021 | 2021 | Houston AstrosW | Dusty Baker | 95–67 | 4–2 | Boston Red SoxE† | Alex Cora | 92–70 | [142] |
2022 | 2022 | Houston AstrosW | Dusty Baker | 106–56 | 4–0 | New York YankeesE | Aaron Boone | 99–63 | [143] |
- Notes
- a A mid-season labor stoppage split the season into two halves. The winner of the first half played the winner of the second half in each division in the 1981 American League Division Series. The winners played in the 1981 ALCS for the American League pennant.[103]
- b The leagues were re-aligned in 1994 to three divisions and a wild card was added to the playoffs, but the labor stoppage cancelled the postseason. Wild cards were first used in the 1995 playoffs.[9]
- c While Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim was the official name of the team,[144][145] the team was commonly referred to simply as "Los Angeles Angels", which they changed back to in 2016.[146][147]
Pennants won by franchise
Team | Pennants won | Postseason appearances | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
New York Yankees[a] | 40 | 55 | [11] |
Oakland Athletics[b] | 15 | 28 | [13] |
Boston Red Sox[c] | 14 | 24 | [14] |
Detroit Tigers | 11 | 16 | [15] |
Baltimore Orioles[d] | 7 | 14 | [148] |
Minnesota Twins[e] | 6 | 16 | [149] |
Cleveland Guardians[f] | 6 | 14 | [150] |
Chicago White Sox | 6 | 10 | [151] |
Kansas City Royals | 4 | 9 | [152] |
Houston Astros[h] | 4 | 6 | [153] |
Tampa Bay Rays[j] | 2 | 8 | [154] |
Texas Rangers[g] | 2 | 8 | [155] |
Toronto Blue Jays | 2 | 7 | [156] |
Los Angeles Angels[i] | 1 | 10 | [157] |
Milwaukee Brewers[k] | 1 | 7 | [158] |
Seattle Mariners | 0 | 4 | [159] |
- Notes
- a Also known as Baltimore Orioles and New York Highlanders. In addition to their 40 official pennants, the Yankees had the best won-loss record in the American League when the 1994 season was cut short by a labor dispute.[11]
- b Also known as Kansas City Athletics and Philadelphia Athletics[13]
- c Also known as Boston Americans[14]
- d Also known as St. Louis Browns and Milwaukee Brewers.[148] This does not refer to the New York Yankees, who were known as the Baltimore Orioles in 1901 and 1902.[11]
- e Also known as Washington Senators from 1901 to 1960[149] as called the Nationals from 1905 to 1955.
- f Also known as Cleveland Bluebirds (Blues), Cleveland Bronchos, Cleveland Naps, and Cleveland Indians[150]
- g Also known as Washington Senators from 1961 to 1971[155]
- h Also known as Houston Colt .45's from 1962 to 1964. This does not include one National League pennant.
- i Also known as Anaheim Angels, California Angels, and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim[157]
- j Also known as Tampa Bay Devil Rays[154]
- k Also known as Seattle Pilots in 1969. The Brewers were members of the American League through the 1997 season after which they switched to the National League.[158] This table records only the Brewers' American League accomplishments.
See also
- National League Championship Series
- List of National League pennant winners
- List of World Series champions
References
- General
- "Playoff and World Series Stats and Results". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- Inline citations
- Gillette, Gary; Gammons, Peter (2007). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia. Palmer, Pete. Sterling. p. 1723. ISBN 978-1-4027-4771-7.
- "Playoff and World Series Stats and Results". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "Season interrupted". Sports Illustrated. August 26, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
- Koppett, Leonard; Koppett, Dave (2004). Koppett's concise history of major league baseball. Carroll & Graf. p. 300. ISBN 0-7867-1286-4.
- Topkin, Marc (December 22, 2008). "Our Organization of the Year should have staying power". Baseball America. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- Edes, Gordon (October 24, 2004). "First impressions lasting for Henry". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- Porter, David L., ed. (1987). Biographical Dictionary of American Sports: G-P. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 631. ISBN 0-313-31175-7.
- "League Championship Series Results". Baseball Digest. Lakeside. 60 (10): 74. October 2001. ISSN 0005-609X.
- "1995 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- Formosa, Dan; Hamburger, Paul (2006). Baseball field guide: an in-depth illustrated guide to the complete rules of baseball. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 1-56025-700-8.
- "New York Yankees Team History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- Hoch, Bryan (October 26, 2009). "Stars 'n' Pinstripes: Yanks earn AL flag". Major League Baseball. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
- "Oakland Athletics Team History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "Boston Red Sox Team History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "Detroit Tigers Team History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1998 New York Yankees Batting, Pitching, and Fielding Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1998 Boston Red Sox Batting, Pitching, and Fielding Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1954 Cleveland Indians Batting, Pitching, and Fielding Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1954 New York Yankees Batting, Pitching, and Fielding Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "Brewers switch leagues, join Reds in NL Central". The Kentucky Post. Associated Press. November 6, 1997. Archived from the original on May 5, 2005.
- "World Series Club History". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Gleeson, Scott (December 14, 2019). "The Nationals won the World Series, and now there are only six MLB teams without one". USA Today. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- "1901 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1902 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1903 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1904 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1905 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
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- "1907 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1908 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1909 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1910 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1911 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1912 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1913 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1914 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1915 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1916 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
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- "1918 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1919 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- "1920 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
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- "1927 American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
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