Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda (UK: /ænˈtiːɡə ... bɑːrˈbuːdə/, US: /ænˈtiːɡwə ... bɑːrˈbjuːdə/) is a sovereign country in the West Indies. It lies at the juncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, at 17°N latitude. The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, approximately 40 km. (25 mi.) apart; and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York Islands, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 (2019 est.), 97% residing in Antigua.[1] St. John's, in Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town.

This article is about the sovereign country in West Indies. For the islands of the sovereign state, see Antigua and Barbuda. For other uses, see Antigua (disambiguation) and Barbuda (disambiguation).

Antigua and Barbuda
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: "Each Endeavouring, All Achieving"
Anthem: "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"
Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]
Capital
and largest city
St. John's
17°7′N 61°51′W
Vernacular languageAntiguan and Barbudan Creole
Working languageEnglish[2]
Ethnic groups
(2011[3])
  • 87.27% African (Black)
  • 4.73% Multiracial
  • 1.65% European (White)
  • 6.35% Other
Religion
(2020[4])
Demonym(s)Antiguan and Barbudan
Antiguan
Barbudan
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor-General
Sir Rodney Williams
• Prime Minister
Gaston Browne
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Formation
• Union
23 September 1859[5]
• Annexation of Redonda
26 March 1872
• Parish Boundaries Act
17 December 1873[6]
• Associated State
27 February 1967
• Independence
1 November 1981
Area
• Total
440 km2 (170 sq mi) (182nd)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2022 estimate
100,772[7] (201st)
• 2011 census
84,816
• Density
186/km2 (481.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$2.731 billion (196th)
• Per capita
$29,298[8] (94th)
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$1.717 billion (193rd)
• Per capita
$18,416[8] (75th)
Gini 53.0[9][10]
high
HDI (2019) 0.778[11]
high · 78th
CurrencyEast Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+1-268
ISO 3166 codeAG
Internet TLD.ag
Website
ab.gov.ag

In 1493, Christopher Columbus reconnoitred the island of Antigua, which he named for the Church of Santa María La Antigua.[12] Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and Barbuda in 1678.[12] A part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958.[13] With the breakup of the federation in 1962, it became one of the West Indies Associated States in 1967.[14] Following a period of internal self-governance, it received full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 November 1981. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Commonwealth and a Commonwealth realm; it is a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as its head of state.[15]

The economy of Antigua and Barbuda is largely dependent on tourism, which accounts for 80% of GDP. Like other island nations, Antigua and Barbuda is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as sea level rise, and increased intensity of extreme weather like hurricanes. These cause coastal erosion, water scarcity, and other challenges.[16]

[17] Antigua and Barbuda has the world's 23rd most powerful passport as of 2022 and offers a citizenship by investment program.[18] The country levies no personal income tax.

Etymology

Antigua is Spanish for 'ancient' and barbuda is Spanish for 'bearded'.[1] The island of Antigua was originally called Wadadli by Arawaks and is locally known by that name today; Caribs possibly called Barbuda Wa'omoni. Christopher Columbus, while sailing by in 1493, may have named it Santa Maria la Antigua, after an icon in the Spanish Seville Cathedral. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.[19]

History

Pre-colonial period

Antigua was first settled by archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians called the Ciboney.[1][20][21] Carbon dating has established the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC.[22] They were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River.[23] They introduced agriculture, raising, among other crops, the famous Antigua black pineapple (Ananas comosus), corn, sweet potatoes, chiles, guava, tobacco, and cotton.[24] Later on the more bellicose Caribs also settled the island, possibly by force.

Antigua in 1823

European arrival and settlement

Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.[20][21] The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population; smallpox was probably the greatest killer.[25]

The English settled on Antigua in 1632;[21][20] Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685.[21][20] Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.[20]

Colonial era

The English maintained control of the islands, repulsing an attempted French attack in 1666.[20] The brutal conditions endured by the slaves led to revolts in 1701 and 1729 and a planned revolt in 1736, the last led by Prince Klaas, though it was discovered before it began and the ringleaders were executed.[26] Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy.[21][20] This was exacerbated by natural disasters such as the 1843 earthquake and the 1847 hurricane.[20] Mining occurred on the isle of Redonda, however, this ceased in 1929 and the island has since remained uninhabited.[27]

Part of the Leeward Islands colony, Antigua and Barbuda became part of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962.[21][20] Antigua and Barbuda subsequently became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal autonomy on 27 February 1967.[20] The 1970s were dominated by discussions as to the islands' future and the rivalry between Vere Bird of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) (Premier from 1967 to 1971 and 1976 to 1981) and the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) of George Walter (Premier 1971–1976). Eventually, Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981; Vere Bird became prime minister of the new country.[20] The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth, retaining Queen Elizabeth as head of state, with the last governor, Sir Wilfred Jacobs, as governor-general.

The Queen on 1953 Antiguan stamps

Independence era

The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, with Vere Bird ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his son Lester Bird from 1994 to 2004.[20] Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance.[21][20] Vere Bird Jr., the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following a scandal in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers.[28][29][21] Another son, Ivor Bird, was convicted of selling cocaine in 1995.[30][31]

In 1995, Hurricane Luis caused severe damage on Barbuda.[32]

The ABLP's dominance of Antiguan politics ended with the 2004 Antiguan general election, which was won by Winston Baldwin Spencer's United Progressive Party (UPP).[20] Winston Baldwin Spencer was Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 2004 to 2014.[33] However the UPP lost the 2014 Antiguan general election, with the ABLP returning to power under Gaston Browne.[34] ABLP won 15 of the 17 seats in the 2018 snap election under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Gaston Browne.[35]

In 2016, Nelson's Dockyard was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[36]

Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by Hurricane Irma, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.[37] Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million,[38] the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of communal land ownership by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "disaster capitalism".[39]

Geography
Barbuda
Redonda
Antigua and Barbuda
English Harbour, Antigua

Antigua and Barbuda both are generally low-lying islands whose terrain has been influenced more by limestone formations than volcanic activity. The highest point on Antigua and Barbuda is Boggy Peak, (known as Mt Obama 2008–2016) located in southwestern Antigua, which is the remnant of a volcanic crater rising 402 metres (1,319 feet).[1][20]

The shorelines of both islands are greatly indented with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbours. The islands are rimmed by reefs and shoals. There are few streams as rainfall is slight. Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater.[1]

About 40 km (25 mi) south-west of Antigua lies the small, rocky island of Redonda, which is uninhabited.[20]

Cities and villages

The most populous cities in Antigua and Barbuda are mostly on Antigua, being Saint John's, All Saints, Piggotts, and Liberta.[40] The most populous city on Barbuda is Codrington. It is estimated that 25% of the population lives in an urban area, which is much lower than the international average of 55%.[41][42]

Islands

Antigua and Barbuda consists mostly of its two namesake islands, Antigua, and Barbuda. Other than that, Antigua and Barbuda's biggest islands are Guiana Island and Long Island off the coast of Antigua, and Redonda island, which is far from both of the main islands.

Climate

Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts. Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter to from 25 °C (77.0 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February.

Hurricanes strike on an average of once a year, including the powerful Category 5 Hurricane Irma, on 6 September 2017, which damaged 95% of the structures on Barbuda.[43] Some 1,800 people were evacuated to Antigua.[44]

An estimate published by Time indicated that over $100 million would be required to rebuild homes and infrastructure. Philmore Mullin, Director of Barbuda's National Office of Disaster Services, said that "all critical infrastructure and utilities are non-existent – food supply, medicine, shelter, electricity, water, communications, waste management". He summarised the situation as follows: "Public utilities need to be rebuilt in their entirety... It is optimistic to think anything can be rebuilt in six months ... In my 25 years in disaster management, I have never seen something like this."[45]

Environmental issues
This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in Antigua and Barbuda.[edit]

Like other island nations, Antigua and Barbuda faces unique environmental issues created by its proximity to the ocean, and small size. These include pressures on water resources, natural ecosystems, and deforestation more generally.

Existing issues on the island are further made worse by climate change, where, unlike other island nations affected by climate change, sea level rise, increased weather variability, create increased pressures on the communities on the islands and the land, through processes like coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion.[46]

Not only do these issues threaten the residents of the island, but also interfere with the economy – where tourism is 80% of the GDP.[47] The 2017 hurricane season was particularly destructive, with Hurricane Maria and Hurricane Irma, repeatedly damaging vulnerable infrastructure on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.[48]

Demographics
Antigua & Barbuda's population (1961–2010). Number of inhabitants in thousands.

Ethnic groups

Antigua has a population of 93,219,[49][50] mostly made up of people of West African, British, and Madeiran descent. The ethnic distribution consists of 91% Black, 4.4% mixed race, 1.7% White, and 2.9% other (primarily East Indian). Most Whites are of British descent. Christian Levantine Arabs and a small number of East Asians and Sephardic Jews make up the remainder of the population.

An increasingly large percentage of the population lives abroad, most notably in the United Kingdom (Antiguan Britons), the United States and Canada. A minority of Antiguan residents are immigrants from other countries, particularly from Dominica, Guyana and Jamaica, and, increasingly, from the Dominican Republic, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Nigeria. An estimated 4,500 American citizens also make their home in Antigua and Barbuda, making their numbers one of the largest American populations in the English-speaking Eastern Caribbean.[51]

Languages

English is the working language. The Barbudan accent is slightly different from the Antiguan.

In the years before Antigua and Barbuda's independence, Standard English was widely spoken in preference to Antiguan Creole. Generally, the upper and middle classes shun Antiguan Creole. The educational system dissuades the use of Antiguan Creole and instruction is done in Standard (British) English.

Many of the words used in the Antiguan dialect are derived from British as well as African languages. This can be easily seen in phrases such as: "Ent it?" meaning "Ain't it?" which is itself dialectal and means "Isn't it?". Common island proverbs can often be traced to Africa.

Spanish is spoken by around 10,000 inhabitants.[52]

Religion
St. John's Cathedral, St. John's

A majority (77%)[1] of Antiguans are Christians, with the Anglicans (17.6%) being the largest single denomination. Other Christian denominations present are Seventh-day Adventist Church (12.4%), Pentecostalism (12.2%), Moravian Church (8.3%), Roman Catholics (8.2%), Methodist Church (5.6%), Wesleyan Holiness Church (4.5%), Church of God (4.1%), Baptists (3.6%),[53] Mormonism (<1.0%), as well as Jehovah's Witnesses.

Governance

Political system
St. John's on Antigua.

The politics of Antigua and Barbuda take place within a framework of a unitary, parliamentary, representative democratic monarchy, in which the head of state is the monarch who appoints the governor-general as vice-regal representative.[54] Charles III is the present King of Antigua and Barbuda, having served in that position since the death of his mother, Elizabeth II. She had been the queen since the islands' independence from the United Kingdom in 1981. The King is currently represented by Governor-General Sir Rodney Williams. A council of ministers is appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister, currently Gaston Browne (2014–).[53] The prime minister is the head of government.[55]

Executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament. The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17 members appointed by members of the government and the opposition party, and approved by the governor-general), and the House of Representatives (17 members elected by first past the post) to serve five-year terms.

The current Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition is the United Progressive Party Member of Parliament (MP), the Honourable Baldwin Spencer.

Elections
St. John's parish on Antigua.

The last election was held on 21 March 2018. The Antigua Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) led by Prime Minister Gaston Browne won 15 of the 17 seats in the House of Representatives.[56] The previous election was on 12 June 2014, during which the Antigua Labour Party won 14 seats, and the United Progressive Party 3 seats.[57]

Since 1951, elections have been won by the populist Antigua Labour Party. However, in the Antigua and Barbuda legislative election of 2004 saw the defeat of the longest-serving elected government in the Caribbean.[58]

Vere Bird was prime minister from 1981 to 1994 and chief minister of Antigua from 1960 to 1981, except for the 1971–1976 period when the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) defeated his party. Bird, the nation's first prime minister, is credited with having brought Antigua and Barbuda and the Caribbean into a new era of independence. Prime Minister Lester Bryant Bird succeeded the elder Bird in 1994.

Party elections

Gaston Browne defeated his predecessor Lester Bryant Bird at the Antigua Labour Party's biennial convention in November 2012 held to elect a political leader and other officers.[59] The party then altered its name from the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) to the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP). This was done to officially include the party's presence on the sister island of Barbuda in its organisation, the only political party on the mainland to have a physical branch in Barbuda.

Judiciary

The judicial branch is the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court of Justice). Antigua is also a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council serves as its Supreme Court of Appeal.[60]

Foreign relations

Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the United Nations, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Caribbean Community, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, the Organization of American States, the World Trade Organization and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System.

Antigua and Barbuda is also a member of the International Criminal Court (with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of Protection for the US military as covered under Article 98 of the Rome Statute).[61]

In 2013, Antigua and Barbuda called for reparations for slavery at the United Nations. Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer said "We have recently seen a number of leaders apologising", and that they should now "match their words with concrete and material benefits."[62]

Military

The Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force has around 260 members dispersed between the line infantry regiment, service and support unit and coast guard. There is also the Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps made up of 200 teenagers between the ages of 12 to 18.

In 2018, Antigua and Barbuda signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[63]

Administrative divisions

Antigua and Barbuda is divided into six parishes and two dependencies:[53]

  • Parishes
    1. Saint George
    2. Saint John
    3. Saint Mary
    4. Saint Paul
    5. Saint Peter
    6. Saint Philip
  • Dependencies
    1. Barbuda
    2. Redonda
BARBUDA
REDONDA
Saint Mary
Saint John
St. George
St. Peter
St. Philip
Saint Paul
Parishes of Antigua

Note: Though Barbuda and Redonda are called dependencies they are integral parts of the state, making them essentially administrative divisions. Dependency is simply a title.

Human rights

Antigua and Barbuda does not allow discrimination in employment, child labor, human trafficking, and there are laws against domestic abuse and child abuse.[64] Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Antigua and Barbuda since July 5, 2022.[65][66]

Economy
A proportional representation of Antigua and Barbuda exports, 2019

Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP).[1][20] Antigua is famous for its many luxury resorts as an ultra-high-end travel destination. Weakened tourist activity in the lower and middle market segments since early 2000 has slowed the economy, however, and squeezed the government into a tight fiscal corner.[1] Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as enacting a 0% personal income tax rate in 2019.[17]

Investment banking and financial services also make up an important part of the economy. Major world banks with offices in Antigua include the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank. Financial-services corporations with offices in Antigua include PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG.[67] The US Securities and Exchange Commission has accused the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, owned by Texas billionaire Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a huge fraud which may have bilked investors of some $8 billion.[68]

The twin-island nation's agricultural production is focused on its domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labour shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction work.[53]

Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.[69] Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States,[53] from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.[70]

Access to biocapacity is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares[71] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[72] In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.[71]

Antigua and Barbuda also uses an economic citizenship program to spur investment into the country.[73]

Transport
This section is an excerpt from Transport in Antigua and Barbuda.[edit]

Antigua and Barbuda's transport systems include both public and privately run services. Roads in the country are paved and follow a winding and gently sloping course connecting parishes to villages and communities. Driving is on the left-hand side. The speed limit is set at 40 mph, Traffic signs posted throughout main roads in Antigua and Barbuda allow for ease of commute, and with GPS coordinates posted throughout the country, the process of navigation has become even easier.

Public transportation vehicles contain the letters "BUS" for buses or "TX" for taxis on their yellow licence plates. The government regulates taxi service, setting fixed fares rather than using a metered system. Taxi cabs are supposed to keep a copy of the rates inside the vehicle. On Antigua, taxis are easily found, particularly at the airport and at major hotels. Many taxi drivers also will act as tour guides.

Buses operate from 5:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. daily on Antigua, running between the capital city, St. John's, and various villages. However, buses do not stop at the airport or the northern tourist area. Although departure times are often left up to the driver, buses generally follow a set schedule. Most buses have their routes posted in the front windows, and they're usually privately owned mini-vans seating about 15 people. St. John's has two bus stations, the East Bus Station near the Botanical Gardens on Independence Ave and another one on Market St. near the Central Market. Several buses are also available on Barbuda.

Education
This section is an excerpt from Education in Antigua and Barbuda.[edit]

Education in Antigua and Barbuda is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 and 16 years.[74] The system of education in Antigua and Barbuda is based on the British educational system. The school year begins in September and ends in June of the following year. In order to ensure that all costs related to schooling are covered by the government, there is an education levy on all basic wages in Antigua and Barbuda, with the funds used toward such costs as supplies, transportation, and school infrastructure maintenance.[74]

Aid to Basic Education, the amount of bilateral and multilateral aid contributed or received by Antigua and Barbuda (source:UNESCO)

In 1972, the technical and teacher’s training colleges merged and formed the Antigua State College. Additional training options outside of university are offered at the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Information Technology (ABIIT) and the Antigua and Barbuda Hospitality Training Institute (ABHTI).

In 2019, the University of the West Indies opened its fifth campus overall (and fourth physical campus) in Five Islands.[75] The country was previously served solely by the University of the West Indies Open Campus.[76] The government of Antigua and Barbuda contributes financially to the UWI.

The island of Antigua currently has three foreign-owned for-profit offshore medical schools. The island's medical schools cater mostly to foreign students but contribute to the local economy and health care. The three schools are:

  • The American University of Antigua (AUA),[77] founded in 2004
  • The University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA),[78] founded in 1982
  • The Metropolitan University College of Medicine.
Those interested in higher education also enrol at schools in the United States, Europe and Canada. The adult literacy rate is approximately 89%.

Culture

The culture is predominantly a mixture of West African and British cultural influences.

Cricket is the national sport. Other popular sports include football, boat racing and surfing. (Antigua Sailing Week attracts locals and visitors from all over the world).

Music
This section is an excerpt from Music of Antigua and Barbuda.[edit]

The music of Antigua and Barbuda is largely African in character, and has only felt a limited influence from European styles due to the population of Antigua and Barbuda descending mostly from West Africans who were made slaves by Europeans.[79]

Antigua and Barbuda is a Caribbean nation in the Lesser Antilles island chain. The country is a second home for many of the pan-Caribbean genres of popular music, and has produced stars in calypso, soca, steeldrum, zouk and reggae. Of these, steeldrum and calypso are the most integral parts of modern Antiguan popular music; both styles are imported from the music of Trinidad and Tobago.

Little to no musical research has been undertaken on Antigua and Barbuda other than this. As a result, much knowledge on the topic derives from novels, essays and other secondary sources.[79]

Festivals

The national Carnival held each August commemorates the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies, although on some islands, Carnival may celebrate the coming of Lent. Its festive pageants, shows, contests and other activities are a major tourist attraction.

Cuisine
This section is an excerpt from Antigua and Barbuda cuisine.[edit]

Antigua and Barbuda cuisine refers to the cuisines of the Caribbean islands Antigua and Barbuda. The national dish is fungie (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepperpot.[80] Fungie is a dish similar to Italian Polenta, made mostly with cornmeal.[80] Other local dishes include ducana, seasoned rice, saltfish and lobster (from Barbuda). There are also local confectionaries which include: sugar cake, fudge, raspberry and tamarind stew and peanut brittle.

Jerk chicken cooking
Although these foods are indigenous to Antigua and Barbuda and to some other Caribbean countries, the local diet has diversified and now include local dishes of Jamaica, such as jerk meats, or Trinidad, such as Roti, and other Caribbean countries.

Media

There are three newspapers: the Antigua Daily Observer, Antigua New Room and The Antiguan Times. The Antigua Observer is the only daily printed newspaper.[81]

The local television channel ABS TV 10 is available (it is the only station that shows exclusively local programs). There are also several local and regional radio stations, such as V2C-AM 620, ZDK-AM 1100, VYBZ-FM 92.9, ZDK-FM 97.1, Observer Radio 91.1 FM, DNECA Radio 90.1 FM, Second Advent Radio 101.5 FM, Abundant Life Radio 103.9 FM, Crusader Radio 107.3 FM, Nice FM 104.3, Pointe FM 99.1, WTP 93.5FM.[81]

Sports
The Antigua Recreation Ground.

The Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team represented the country at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, but Antiguan cricketers otherwise play for the Leeward Islands cricket team in domestic matches and the West Indies cricket team internationally. The 2007 Cricket World Cup was hosted in the West Indies from 11 March to 28 April 2007.

Antigua hosted eight matches at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, which was completed on 11 February 2007 and can hold up to 20,000 people. Antigua is a Host of Stanford Twenty20 – Twenty20 Cricket, a version started by Allen Stanford in 2006 as a regional cricket game with almost all Caribbean islands taking part. Sir Vivian Richards Stadium is set to host 2022 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Rugby and Netball are popular as well.

Association football, or soccer, is also a very popular sport. Antigua has a national football team which entered World Cup qualification for the 1974 tournament and for 1986 and beyond. A professional team was formed in 2011, Antigua Barracuda FC, which played in the USL Pro, a lower professional league in the USA. The nation's team had a major achievement in 2012, getting out of its preliminary group for the 2014 World Cup, notably due to a victory over powerful Haiti. In its first game in the next CONCACAF group play on 8 June 2012 in Tampa, FL, Antigua and Barbuda, comprising 17 Barracuda players and 7 from the lower English professional leagues, scored a goal against the United States. However, the team lost 3:1 to the US.

Daniel Bailey had become the first Antiguan to reach a world indoor final, where he won a bronze medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships. He was also the first Antiguan to make a 100m final at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, and the first Antiguan to run under 10 seconds over 100m.[82]

Brendan Christian won a gold medal in the 200m and bronze medal in the 100m at the 2007 Pan American Games.[83] James Grayman won a bronze medal at the same games in the men's High Jump.[84]

Miguel Francis is the first Antiguan to run sub 20 seconds in the 200m.[85]

Heather Samuel won a bronze medal at the 1995 Pan American Games over 100m.[86]

400m Hurdles Olympian Gold Medalist Rai Benjamin previously represented Antigua and Barbuda before representing the United States. His Silver medal run at the 2020 Olympic Games made him the second-fastest person in history over 400m Hurdles with a time of 46.17.[87]

Symbols

The national bird is the frigate bird, and the national tree is the Bucida buceras (Whitewood tree).[88]

Clare Waight Keller included agave karatto to represent Antigua and Barbuda in Meghan Markle's wedding veil, which included the distinctive flora of each Commonwealth country.[89]

Despite being an introduced species, the European fallow deer (Dama dama) is the national animal.[90]: 16 

In 1992, the government ran a national competition to design a new national dress for the country; this was won by artist Heather Doram.[90][91]

See also
  • Geology of Antigua and Barbuda
  • Outline of Antigua and Barbuda
  • Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles
  • Transport in Antigua and Barbuda

References
  1. "Antigua and Barbuda". The World Factbook (2022 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  2. "Government of Antigua and Barbuda". Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. "National Profiles".
  5. "CHAPTER 43 : THE BARBUDA (EXTENSION OF LAWS OF ANTIGUA) ACT" (PDF). Laws.gov.ag. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  6. "Chapter 304: The Parish Boundaries Act". Laws of Antigua and Barbuda (PDF). laws.gov.ag. 17 December 1873. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  7. "Population projections by age group, annual 1991 to 2026". Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance of Antigua and Barbuda. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022.
  8. "5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  9. Horsford, Ian. "An Assessment of Income Inequality and Poverty in Antigua and Barbuda in 2007". Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  10. "Comparison of Poverty measurement indicators" (PDF). Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA). 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  11. Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. Crocker, John. "Barbuda Eyes Statehood and Tourists". The Washington Post. 28 January 1968. p. E11.
  13. Fleck, Bryan. "Discover Unspoiled: Barbuda". Everybody's Brooklyn. 31 October 2004. p. 60.
  14. Sheridan, Richard B. (1974). Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775. Canoe Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-976-8125-13-2. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  15. "Antigua and Barbuda – Countries – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  16. "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal:Antique and Barbuda". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  17. "Individual Income Tax Rates Table – KPMG Global". KPMG. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  18. "Passport of Antigua and Barbuda | Rank = 23 | Passport Index 2022 | How powerful is yours?". Passport Index - Global Mobility Intelligence. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  19. IT (3 March 2020). "History Of Antigua - Antigua And Barbuda". Antigua and Barbuda Embassy in Madrid - Ambassador Dario Item. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  20. Niddrie, David Lawrence; Momsen, Janet D.; Tolson, Richard. "Antigua and Barbuda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  21. "Antigua and Barbuda : History". The Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  22. Napolitano, Matthew F.; DiNapoli, Robert J.; Stone, Jessica H.; Levin, Maureece J.; Jew, Nicholas P.; Lane, Brian G.; O'Connor, John T.; Fitzpatrick, Scott M. (18 December 2019). "Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling". Science Advances. 5 (12): eaar7806. Bibcode:2019SciA....5R7806N. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar7806. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6957329. PMID 31976370.
  23. "Caribbean Trade and Networks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  24. Duval, D. T. (1996). Saladoid archaeology on St. Vincent, West Indies: results of the 1993/1994 University of Manitoba survey
  25. Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  26. "Antigua's Disputed Slave Conspiracy of 1736". Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  27. Kras, Sara Louise (2008). The History of Redonda. Antigua and Barbuda. Cultures of the World. Vol. 26. Marshall Cavendish. p. 18. ISBN 9780761425700. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020. a cableway using baskets was built to transfer the mined phosphate to a pier for shipping
  28. "Antiguan Quits in Weapons Scandal". Sun-Journal. 26 April 1990. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  29. "Antigua-Barbuda: Government Finally Orders Probe of Arms Shipment". IPS-Inter Press Service. 25 April 1990.
  30. Massiah, David (7 May 1995). "Younger Brother of Prime Minister Lester Bird Is Arrested on Cocaine Charges". Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
  31. Massiah, David (8 May 1995). "Prime Minister Lester Bird Promises No Intervention in Brother's Arrest". Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
  32. "20th Anniversary of Hurricane Luis". Anumetservice.wordpress.com. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  33. "Caribbean Elections Biography | Winston Baldwin Spencer". www.caribbeanelections.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  34. Charles, Jacqueline. "Browne becomes new prime minister of Antigua, youngest ever". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  35. "Speculation about early election in Antigua". Barbados Today. 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  36. "Nelson's Dockyard in Antigua now a Unesco heritage site: Travel Weekly". www.travelweekly.com.
  37. Panzar, Javier; Willsher, Kim (9 September 2017). "Hurricane Irma leaves Caribbean Islands Devastated". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  38. John, Tara (11 September 2017). "Hurricane Irma Flattens Barbuda, Leaving Population Stranded". Time. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  39. Boger, Rebecca; Perdikaris, Sophia (11 February 2019). "After Irma, Disaster Capitalism Threatens Cultural Heritage in Barbuda". NACLA. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  40. "Largest cities in Antigua and Barbuda". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  41. "Urban Population (%of total population)". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  42. "Antigua and Barbuda – Urban Population". Index Mundi. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  43. Hanna, Jason; Sterling, Joe; Almasy, Steve (6 September 2017). "Hurricane Irma: Powerful storm blamed for three deaths". ABS TV Radio Antigua & Barbuda. CNN. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  44. Panzar, Javier (9 September 2017). "Hurricane Irma leaves Caribbean islands devastated". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  45. John, Tara /. "'There Is No Home to Go Back to.' Hurricane Irma Flattens Barbuda, Leaving Population Stranded". Time. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  46. "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  47. "Deforestation statistics for Antigua and Barbuda". RainForests Mongabay. Retrieved 24 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. "Vulnerability of Eastern Caribbean Countries - World". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  49. "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  50. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  51. "Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda". state.gov. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  52. Farquhar, Bernadette, "The Spanish Language in Antigua and Barbuda: Implications for Language Planning and Language Research" Archived 15 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  53. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Antigua and Barbuda". The World Factbook (2022 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  54. "Antigua and Barbuda 1981". Constitute. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  55. "Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile". www.caribbeanelections.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  56. "Antigua and Barbuda General Election Results 2018". www.caribbeanelections.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  57. "Antigua and Barbuda General Election Results 2014". www.caribbeanelections.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  58. "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Antigua & Barbuda Par Mar 23 2004". www.electionguide.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  59. "Gaston Browne Is Antigua's New Opposition Leader | RJR News – Jamaican News Online". Radiojamaicanewsonline.com. 5 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  60. "Caribbean Court of Justice". International Justice Resource Center. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  61. "Latin American and Caribbean State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 10 July 2021". Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  62. "Slavery reparations: Blood money". The Economist. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  63. "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  64. Antigua and Barbuda 2018 Human Rights Report (PDF). United States Department of State. 2018. pp. 1–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  65. Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is illegal". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  66. "State-Sponsored Homophobia". International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  67. "Antigua: a Mature Financial Centre". IFC Review. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  68. Krauss, Clifford; Creswell, Julie; Savage, Charlie (21 February 2009). "Fraud Case Shakes a Billionaire's Caribbean Realm". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  69. "Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - Antigua and Barbuda, Germany | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  70. Newsdesk (15 September 2021). "Antigua and Barbuda's Tourism Growth Continues". Travel Agent Central. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  71. "Country Trends". Global Footprint Network. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  72. Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018). "Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018". Resources. 7 (3): 58. doi:10.3390/resources7030058.
  73. Citizenship by Investment Unit. "Antigua and Barbuda Citizenship by Investment Program". Antigua and Barbuda. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  74. "Antigua and Barbuda" Archived 2008-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  75. "UWI Five Islands officially accepts first students". Jamaica News. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  76. "The Open Campus in Antigua & Barbuda". The Open Campus. The University of the West Indies. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  77. "American University of Antigua, College of Medicine". auamed.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  78. "University of Health Sciences Antigua". uhsa.ag. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  79. McDaniel, pp. 798-800
  80. "Antigua & Barbuda National Dish & Recipe." Archived October 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Recipeisland.com. Accessed July 2011.
  81. Hillhouse, Joanne C. (3 October 2017). "The Antigua and Barbuda Media: an Abridged Record". Wadali Pen. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  82. "Bailey focused on one task at a time as preparation for world games intensifies". antiguaobserver. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  83. "Antigua and Barbuda's Brendan Christian in the men's 200 metres final at the Pan American Games". Jamaican Gleaner. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  84. "defending champion James Grayman of Antigua & Barbuda and St. Lucia's Darwin Edwards, both with 2.25". stabroeknews.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  85. "'It Was Such an Euphoric Moment' Manager Says of Francis' 19.88". trackalerts.com. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  86. "Heather Samuel Hall of Fame 2004". goracers.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  87. "Rai Benjamin beat a record and still lost in an all-time great Olympic race". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  88. "Government of Antigua and Barbuda". ab.gov.ag. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  89. "The Wedding Dress: Clare Waight Keller for Givenchy". The Royal Household, UK. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  90. Kras, Sara Louise (2008). Antigua and Barbuda. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-2570-0. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  91. Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-4890-9. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.

Works cited

Further reading
  • Nicholson, Desmond V., Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda: A Historical Sketch, St. Johns, Antigua: Antigua and Barbuda Museum, 1991.
  • Dyde, Brian, A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle, London: Macmillan Caribbean, 2000.
  • Gaspar, David Barry – Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial America.
  • Harris, David R. – Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies. An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla.
  • Henry, Paget – Peripheral Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Antigua.
  • Lazarus-Black, Mindie – Legitimate Acts and Illegal Encounters: Law and Society in Antigua and Barbuda.
  • Riley, J. H. – Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Barbuda and Antigua, British West Indies.
  • Rouse, Irving and Birgit Faber Morse – Excavations at the Indian Creek Site, Antigua, West Indies.
  • Thomas Hearne. Southampton.
The Wikibook Wikijunior:Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of: Antigua and Barbuda
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.