Plant propagation

One way to germinate an avocado seed

Seeds and spores can be used for reproduction (e.g. sowing). Seeds are typically produced from sexual reproduction within a species because genetic recombination has occurred. A plant grown from seeds may have different characteristics from its parents. Some species produce seeds that require special conditions to germinate, such as cold treatment. The seeds of many Australian plants and plants from southern Africa and the American west require smoke or fire to germinate. Some plant species, including many trees, do not produce seeds until they reach maturity, which may take many years. Seeds can be difficult to acquire and some plants do not produce seed at all. Some plants (like certain[2] plants modified using genetic use restriction technology) may produce seed, but not a fertile seed.[3] In certain cases, this is done to prevent the accidental spreading of these plants, for example by birds and other animals.

Rose cuttings under plastic bottle greenhouse

Plants have a number of mechanisms for asexual or vegetative reproduction. Some of these have been taken advantage of by horticulturists and to multiply or clone plants rapidly. Humans may utilize these processes as propagation methods, such as tissue culture and grafting.[4] Plants are produced using material from a single parent and as such, there is no exchange of genetic material, therefore vegetative propagation methods almost always produce plants that are identical to the parent. Vegetative reproduction uses plant parts such as roots, stems, and leaves.

In some plants, seeds can be produced without fertilization and the seeds contain only the genetic material of the parent plant. Therefore, propagation via asexual seeds or apomixis is asexual reproduction but not vegetative propagation.

Softwood stem cuttings rooting in a controlled environment

Techniques for vegetative propagation include:

• Air or ground layering
• Division
• Grafting and bud grafting, widely used in fruit tree propagation
• Micropropagation
• Stolons or runners
• Storage organs such as bulbs, corms, tubers, and rhizomes
• Striking or cuttings
• Twin-scaling
• Offsets

A heated propagator is a horticultural device to maintain a warm and damp environment for seeds and cuttings to grow in.

This can be in the form of a clear enclosed bin sitting over a hot pad, or even a portable heater pointed at the bin. The key is to keep the moisture in the clear bin, while keeping lighting over the top of it, usually.

An electric seed-propagation mat is a heated rubber mat covered by a metal cage that is used in gardening. The mats are made so that planters containing seedlings can be placed on top of the metal cage without the risk of starting a fire. In extreme cold, gardeners place a loose plastic cover over the planters/mats which creates a sort of miniature greenhouse. The constant and predictable heat allows people to garden in the winter months when the weather is generally too cold for seedlings to survive naturally. When combined with a lighting system, many plants can be grown indoors using these mats.

Plant propagation on Wikiversity

• Adventitious
• Clonal colony
• Fruit tree propagation
• Orthodox seed
• Recalcitrant seed
• Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction
• Propagation of grapevines
• Weeping willow (tree) is an ornamental tree (Salix babylonica and related hybrids
• Propagation of Christmas trees
• Hemerochory
• Escaped plant

• Reference Guide to plant care handling and merchandising

• Charles W. Heuser. The Complete Book of Plant Propagation, Taunton Press, 1997. ISBN 1561582344