Australian Open

The Australian Open is a tennis tournament held annually at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia. The tournament is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events held each year, preceding the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. The Australian Open starts in the middle of January and continues for two weeks coinciding with the Australia Day holiday.[lower-alpha 4] It features men's and women's singles; men's, women's, and mixed doubles; junior's championships; and wheelchair, legends, and exhibition events. Novak Djokovic has the most Australian Open mens singles titles of all time with 9. Before 1988, it was played on grass courts, but since then three types of hardcourt surfaces have been used: green-coloured Rebound Ace up to 2007, blue Plexicushion from 2008 to 2019, and blue GreenSet since 2020.[1][2]

Australian Open
Official website
Founded1905 (1905)
Editions110 (2022)
LocationMelbourne (since 1972)
Australia
VenueMelbourne Park (since 1988)
SurfaceHard – outdoors[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] (since 1988)
Grass – outdoors (1905–1987)
Prize moneyA$75,000,000 (2022)
Men's
Draw128S (128Q) / 64D (16Q)[lower-alpha 3]
Current championsRafael Nadal (singles)
Nick Kyrgios
Thanasi Kokkinakis (doubles)
Most singles titlesNovak Djokovic (9)
Most doubles titlesAdrian Quist (10)
Women's
Draw128S (128Q) / 64D (16Q)
Current championsAshleigh Barty (singles)
Barbora Krejčíková
Kateřina Siniaková (doubles)
Most singles titlesMargaret Court (11)
Most doubles titlesThelma Coyne Long (12)
Mixed doubles
Draw32
Current championsKristina Mladenovic
Ivan Dodig
Most titles (male)4
Harry Hopman
Colin Long
Most titles (female)4
Daphne Akhurst Cozens
Nell Hall Hopman
Nancye Wynne Bolton
Thelma Coyne Long
Grand Slam
Last completed
2022 Australian Open

First held in 1905 as the Australasian championships, the Australian Open has grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in the Southern Hemisphere.[3] Nicknamed "the happy slam",[4] the Australian Open is the highest attended Grand Slam event, with more than 812,000 people attending the 2020 tournament. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts, Rod Laver Arena, John Cain Arena and the refurbished Margaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs.

The Australian Open is a major contributor to the Victorian economy: the 2020 Australian Open injected $387.7 million into the Victorian economy, while over the preceding decade the Australian Open had contributed more than $2.71 billion in economic benefits to Victoria and generated 1775 jobs for the state, with these jobs being predominantly in the accommodation, hotels, cafés and trade services sectors.[5]

History

The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905. The facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre, and was a grass court.[6]

The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships. It became the Australian Championships in 1927. Then, in 1969, it became the Australian Open.[7] Since 1905, it has been staged 110 times in five Australian cities: Melbourne (66 times), Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (15 times), Brisbane (7 times), Perth (3 times), and two New Zealander cities: Christchurch (1906) and Hastings (1912).[7]

Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) at a 1923 meeting. The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time.[8] In the period of 1916–1918, no tournament was organized due to World War I.[9]

During World War II, the tournament was not held in the period from 1941 to 1945.[10] In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament in Melbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city.[6] The tournament was played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until its move to the new Flinders Park complex in 1988.

The new facilities at Flinders Park were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Flinders Park was an immediate success, with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000).[11]

Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boats were the US Davis Cup players in November 1946.[11] Even inside Australia, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) between the East and West coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander.[12]

Rod Laver Arena.

The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states, and New Zealand, had their own championships; the first being organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of Victoria (later the Championship of Victoria).[13] In those years, the best two players – Australian Norman Brookes (whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New Zealander Anthony Wilding – almost did not play this tournament.

Brookes took part once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice.

Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, came just once. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when travel was less difficult, leading players such as Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase (who only came once, when 35 years old) and Björn Borg came rarely or not at all.

Margaret Court Arena at the Australian Open with the old Rebound Ace surface. Rod Laver Arena, the centre court, in the background.

Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit.[14] Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe.[15]

In 1983, Ivan Lendl, John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title[16] and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after.[17] Following the 1983 Australian Open, the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park).[18] The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as Rebound Ace.[19]

Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced,[20] acrylic surface known as Plexicushion Prestige. Roger Federer and Serena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer.[19] This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity to DecoTurf, the surface used by the US Open.[21]

Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 – January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players.

From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant no tournament was organized in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed (except for 2021, when it was postponed by three weeks to February due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Some top players, including Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, have said in the past that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, and expressed a desire to consider shifting the tournament to February.[22] Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside Australia's summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures.

See also: Melbourne Park § Redevelopments

New South Wales and overseas authorities proposed becoming the new hosts of the tournament in 2008, though such a move never materialised.[23][24] In any case, it was around this time the Melbourne Park precinct commenced upgrades which enhanced facilities for players and spectators.[25] Notably a retractable roof was placed over Margaret Court Arena, making the Open the first of the four Grand Slams to have retractable roofs available on three of their main courts.[26] The player and administrative facilities, as well as access points for spectators, were improved and the tournament site expanded its footprint out of Melbourne Park into nearby Birrarung Marr.[27] A fourth major show court, seating 5,000 people was completed in late 2021, along with the rest of decade-long redevelopment, which included the Centrepiece ballroom, function and media building, as well as other upgraded facilities for players, administrators and spectators.[28]

In December 2018, tournament organisers announced the Australian Open would follow the examples set by Wimbledon and the US Open and introduce tie-breaks in the final sets of men's and women's singles matches. Unlike Wimbledon and the US Open, which initiate conventional tie-breaks at 12–12 games and 6–6 games respectively, the Australian Open utilises a first to 10 points breaker at 6 games all.[29] In 2020, the tournament organisers decided to replace the official court manufacturer to GreenSet, though retained the iconic blue cushioned acrylic hardcourt.[30]

In 2021, in an effort to reduce the number of staff on-site due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all matches used electronic line judging. It marked the first-ever Grand Slam tournament to exclusively use electronic line judging; the 2020 US Open used it for matches outside of the two main stadium courts.[31][32] The Australian Open is also the first major sporting event to use NFTs and the metaverse. The court was split into 6,776 squares that each corresponded to a tennis ball NFT. These tennis ball NFTs would change based on where points were scored during the tournament, as determined by the electronic line judging. The project also built a real-life replica of the precinct in Decentraland where people could spectate and interact with each other in real time.[33][34] The Australian Open Artball NFTs generated over $5 million in revenue and won a Cannes Lions Award for Sports Entertainment.[35]

Courts

The Australian Open is played at Melbourne Park, which is located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct; the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently three of the courts have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017, spectators can also observe play at Show Courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each,[36] as well as at Courts 4–15, 19 and 20 with the aid of temporary seating grandstands of capacity anywhere from 50 to 2,500.[37]

Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium began in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct.[38] The new stadium, Kia Arena, was unveiled by Australian Open officials on 22 November 2021.[39][40]

Between 2008 and 2019, all of the courts used during the Australian Open were hard courts with Plexicushion acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have eight practice clay courts these are not used for the tournament). This replaced the Rebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rated the surface's speed as medium.[41] In 2020, the courts were switched to GreenSet, though retained their distinctive blue appearance.

Court 187 Opened Capacity Arena Roof Ref.
Rod Laver Arena 1988 14,820 Retractable [42]
John Cain Arena 2000 10,300 Retractable [43]
Margaret Court Arena
(Formerly Show Court 1)		 1988 7,500 Retractable [44]
Show Court Arena
(Kia Arena)		 2021 5,000 No [45]
Show Court 2
(1573 Arena)		 1988 3,000 No [46]
Show Court 3 1988 3,000 No [46]

Ranking points

Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:

Event W F SF QF R16 R32 R64 R128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1
Singles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 3 0
Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 2
Doubles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 0 – – – – –
Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 10 – – – – –

Prize money and trophies

The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the 2022 tournament in Australian dollars is AUD $75,000,000.[47] The prize money distribution is as follows:[lower-alpha 5]

AO 2022 W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Q3 Q2 Q1
Singles A$2,875,000 A$1,575,000 A$895,000 A$538,500 A$328,000 A$221,000 A$154,000 A$103,000 A$53,500 A$35,500 A$25,250
Doubles A$675,000 A$360,000 A$205,000 A$113,000 A$65,250 A$45,100 A$30,050 — — — —
Mixed doubles A$190,000 A$100,000 A$50,000 A$24,000 A$12,000 A$6,250 — — — — —
Doubles prize money is per team.

Trophies

The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual trophy cups.

  • The women's singles winner is presented with the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup.[48]
  • The men's singles winner is presented with the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup.

Champions

Former champions

Current champions
2022 Australian Open
  • Rafael Nadal, 2022 men's singles champion. It was his twenty-first major title and his second at the Australian Open.
  • Ashleigh Barty, 2022 women's singles champion. It was her third major title and her first at the Australian Open.
  • Thanasi Kokkinakis was part of the 2022 winning men's doubles team. It was his first major title.
  • Nick Kyrgios was part of the 2022 winning men's doubles team. It was his first major title.
  • Barbora Krejčíková was part of the 2022 winning women's doubles team. It was her fourth major title and first at the Australian Open.
  • Kateřina Siniaková was part of the 2022 winning women's doubles team. It was her fourth major title and first at the Australian Open.
  • Kristina Mladenovic was part of the 2022 winning mixed doubles team. It was her third major title and second at the Australian Open.
  • Ivan Dodig was part of the 2022 winning mixed doubles team. It was his fourth major title and first at the Australian Open.

Most recent finals
2022 Event Champion Runner-up Score
Men's singles Rafael Nadal Daniil Medvedev 2–6, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–4, 7–5
Women's singles Ashleigh Barty Danielle Collins6–3, 7–6(7–2)
Men's doubles Thanasi Kokkinakis
Nick Kyrgios		 Matthew Ebden
Max Purcell		7–5, 6–4
Women's doubles Barbora Krejčíková
Kateřina Siniaková		 Anna Danilina
Beatriz Haddad Maia		6–7(3–7), 6–4, 6–4
Mixed doubles Kristina Mladenovic
Ivan Dodig		 Jaimee Fourlis
Jason Kubler		6–3, 6–4

Records
Novak Djokovic, the all-time record holder in men's singles.
Margaret Court, the all-time record holder in women's singles.
  • Unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments, which became open in 1968, the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969.[49]
Record[50] Era Player(s) Count Years
Men since 1905
Most singles titles Open Era Novak Djokovic 9 2008, 2011–2013, 2015–2016, 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Roy Emerson 6 1961, 1963–1967
Most consecutive singles titles Open Era Novak Djokovic 3 2011–2013, 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Roy Emerson 5 1963–1967
Most doubles titles Open Era Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		 6 2006–2007, 2009–2011, 2013
Pre-Open Era Adrian Quist 10 1936–1940, 1946–1950
Most consecutive doubles titles Open Era Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		 3 2009–2011
Pre-Open Era Adrian Quist 10 1936–1940, 1946–1950[51]
Most mixed doubles titles Open Era Jim Pugh
Leander Paes
Daniel Nestor		 3 1988–1990
2003, 2010, 2015
2007, 2011, 2014
Pre-Open Era Harry Hopman
Colin Long		 4 1930, 1936–1937, 1939
1940, 1946–1948
Most Championships
(singles, doubles, mixed doubles)		 Open Era Novak Djokovic 9 2008–2021 (9 men's singles)
Pre-Open Era Adrian Quist 13 1936–1950 (3 singles, 10 men's doubles, 0 mixed doubles)
Women since 1922
Most singles titles All-time Margaret Court 11 1960–1966, 1969–1971, 1973
Open Era Serena Williams 7 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
Pre-Open Era Margaret Court 7 1960–1966
Most consecutive singles titles Open Era Margaret Court
Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Steffi Graf
/ Monica Seles
Martina Hingis		 3 1969–1971
1974–1976
1988–1990
1991–1993
1997–1999
Pre-Open Era Margaret Court 7 1960–1966
Most doubles titles Pre-Open Era Thelma Coyne Long 12 1936–1940, 1947–1949, 1951–1952, 1956, 1958
Open Era Martina Navratilova 8 1980, 1982–1985, 1987–1989
Most consecutive doubles titles Open Era Martina Navratilova
Pam Shriver		 7 1982–1985, 1987–1989
Pre-Open Era Thelma Coyne Long
Nancye Wynne Bolton		 5 1936–1940
Most mixed doubles titles Open Era Barbora Krejčíková 3 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Daphne Akhurst Cozens
Nell Hall Hopman
Nancye Wynne Bolton
Thelma Coyne Long		 4 1924–1925, 1928–1929
1930, 1936–1937, 1939
1940, 1946–1948
1951–1952, 1954–1955
Most Championships
(singles, doubles, mixed doubles)		 All-time Margaret Court 23 1960–1973 (11 singles, 8 women's doubles, 4 mixed doubles)
Open Era Martina Navratilova 12 1980–2003 (3 singles, 8 women's doubles, 1 mixed doubles)
Pre-Open Era Nancye Wynne Bolton 20 1936–1952 (6 singles, 10 women's doubles, 4 mixed doubles)
Miscellaneous
Unseeded champions Men Mark Edmondson 1976
Women Chris O'Neil
Serena Williams		 1978
2007
Youngest singles champion Men Ken Rosewall 18 years and 2 months (1953)
Women Martina Hingis 16 years and 4 months (1997)
Oldest singles champion Men Ken Rosewall 37 years and 2 months (1972)
Women Thelma Coyne Long 35 years and 8 months (1954)

Television coverage and attendance
Panorama of Rod Laver Arena during the 2020 Australian Open

From 1973 to 2018, the Seven Network served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that the Nine Network had acquired the rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The network later bought the rights for the 2019 tournament as well.[52] The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of the Summer non-ratings season — which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup.[53][54]

In Europe the tournament is broadcast on Eurosport. Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom, SRG in Switzerland, NOS in Netherlands and RTS in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster.[55]

Elsewhere, beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and northern Africa, and SuperSport in sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast on ESPN2, ESPN3 and the Tennis Channel.[56] The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast on ESPN International in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast on TSN in Canada.

In the Asia–Pacific region, the tournament is broadcast on five television networks in China, including national broadcaster CCTV, provincial networks Beijing TV, Shanghai Dragon TV and Guangdong TV and English language Star Sports, as well as online on iQIYI Sports. Elsewhere in the region, it is broadcast in Japan by national broadcaster NHK, and pay-TV network Wowow. In the Indian subcontinent, Sony Six has broadcast since 2015 and, in the rest of Asia, it is broadcast on Fox Sports Asia until the network's shutdown in 2021 and the rights is acquired by beIN Sports from 2022 except for Vietnam which will be broadcast on K+.[57][58]

Attendance

The following record of attendance begins in 1987, when the tournament moved from being held in December to in January (the immediate preceding tournament was December 1985). 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club hosted the tournament; since 1988 it has been held at Melbourne Park. The average growth rate over the period covered below is more than 7%.

  1. Crowds were restricted to around 50% of overall capacity throughout the tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[59]
  2. Crowds were permitted to attend only nine of the fourteen days of the tournament and were restricted to between 30% to 50% of overall capacity, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[60]

See also
  • Australian Open extreme heat policy
  • Australian Open series
Lists of champions
  • List of Australian Open champions (all events)
    • List of Australian Open men's singles champions
    • List of Australian Open women's singles champions
    • List of Australian Open men's doubles champions
    • List of Australian Open women's doubles champions
    • List of Australian Open mixed doubles champions
  • List of Australian Open singles finalists during the Open Era, records and statistics
  • List of Australian Open broadcasters
Other Grand Slam tournaments

Notes
  1. Rebound Ace was used from 1988 to 2007, Plexicushion was used from 2008 to 2019, and GreenSet since 2020.
  2. Except for Rod Laver Arena, Margaret Court Arena and John Cain Arena during rain delays.
  3. In the main draws, there are 128 singles players (S) and 64 doubles teams (D), and there are 128 and 16 entrants in the respective qualifying (Q) draws.
  4. Notable exceptions include the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 due to the effects in the aftermath of World War I, the 1920 tournament was held a few weeks later in March, the 1923 tournament was held entirely in August due to the weather conditions, 1977 tournaments were held twice in January and November as the aforementioned 1977 to 1985 tournaments were held in late November to early December as the last Grand Slam of the year, and the 2021 tournament was held entirely in February due to strict quarantine regulations amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
  5. The winner's prize money approximates to GBP £2,451,814; EUR €2,780,938; USD $3,149,322.
  6. Last Australian Men's Singles champion: Mark Edmondson (1976).
  7. Last Australian Women's Singles champion: Ashleigh Barty (2022).

References
  1. Paxinos, Stathi (20 November 2007). "Australian Open court surface is speeding up". The Age. Melbourne.
  2. Tennis Australia (26 July 2019). "GreenSet Worldwide New Official Court Surface Supplier". Melbourne. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  3. "Melbourne Park ready for 2019 Australian Open". Australasian Leisure Management. 17 January 2019. The Australian Open 2019 is the largest annual sporting event in the Southern Hemisphere and the biggest sporting event in the world in January.
  4. Williams, Jacqueline (26 January 2018). "By Looking to Asia, the Australian Open Found Itself". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  5. "AO 2020 delivers record benefits to Victoria". Australian Open. Tennis Australia. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  6. "Australian Tennis Open History". Jazzsports. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  7. Tristan Foenander. "History of the Australian Open – the Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific". Australian Open. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  8. Unknown (9 November 1923). "Australasian Championships". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  9. "Tennis Championships". The Argus. Melbourne. 29 January 1920. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. Kerri (27 January 2015). "Before it was the Australian Open it was the…". State Library Victoria. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  11. Frank Cook (14 February 2008). "Open began as Aussie closed shop". The Daily Telegraph. news.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  12. "Anthony Frederick Wilding "Tony"". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  13. "History of Tennis – From humble beginnings". Tennis Australia. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  14. "Milton Tennis Centre". Australian Stadiums. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  15. Nikki Tugwell (14 January 2008). "Hewitt chases amazing slam win". The Daily Telegraph. news.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  16. Alan Trengove. "Australian Open 1983". wilandertribute.com. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  17. "World Group 1983 Final". Davis Cup. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  18. "Rebound Ace under review". The Daily Telegraph. news.com.au. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  19. Christopher Clarey (13 January 2008). "On the surface, Australian Open gets a new bounce". The New York Times.
  20. "List of Classified Court Surfaces". itftennis.com.
  21. "Tennis court surfacer serves up two major deals". Boston Business Journal. 28 January 2008.
  22. Schlink, Leo (17 January 2009). "Rafael Nadal keen to call time on early slam". Herald Sun. Australia. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  23. "Sydney plans Australian Open bid". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 11 October 2008.
  24. Cameron Houston; Jason Dowling (11 October 2008). "NSW in negotiations to transfer Open from Melbourne". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  25. "Melbourne Park Masterplan". Melbourne and Olympic Parks Trust.
  26. "Australian Open could be played entirely indoors, as Margaret Court Arena gets retractable roof". ABC News. 4 January 2015.
  27. "The big changes coming to Rod Laver Arena this Australian Open". The New Daily. 12 January 2019.
  28. "10-year redevelopment of Melbourne Park complete". Austadiums. 7 December 2021.
  29. "Australian Open Will Begin Using Final-Set Tiebreaker". The New York Times. 21 December 2018.
  30. "GREENSET WORLDWIDE NEW OFFICIAL COURT SURFACE SUPPLIER". Tennis Australia. 26 July 2019.
  31. "'There are just no mistakes happening': Hawk-Eye Live gains more support at Australian Open". ESPN. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  32. Clarey, Christopher (3 August 2020). "Automated Line Calls Will Replace Human Judges at U.S. Open". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  33. "AO launches into Metaverse, serves up world-first NFT art collection linked to live match data". ausopen.com. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  34. "NFT Tech's Run It Wild and AO Metaverse win Cannes Lions award for Sports Entertainment - NFT Tech Insights". www.nfttech.com. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  35. "2022 Winners - Entertainment Lions for Sport" (PDF). Cannes Lions.
  36. "Event Guide – Australian Open Tennis Championships 2014 – Official Site by IBM". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  37. "Accessibility Map" (PDF). Tennis.com. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  38. "Melbourne gets new 5000-seat tennis arena". SBS News. 23 April 2017.
  39. "Full crowds return for 2022 Australian Open as tickets go on sale". Austadiums. 22 November 2021.
  40. "10-year redevelopment of Melbourne Park complete". Austadiums. 7 December 2021.
  41. "About Court Pace Classification". ITF. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  42. "Rod Laver Arena". Australian Stadiums. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  43. "John Cain Arena". Australian Stadiums. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  44. "Margaret Court Arena". Australian Stadiums. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  45. "Show Court Arena". Melbourne and Olympic Parks. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  46. "Courts". Australian Open. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  47. Jonathan. "Australian Open Prize Money 2022 [Confirmed] – peRFect Tennis". www.perfect-tennis.com/. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  48. "The Making Of The Norman Brookes Challenge Cup". Australian Open TV. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  49. "Australian History and Records". TennisTours.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  50. "Australian Open: History and Structure of an Iconic Tournament". ausopen.club (in Russian). 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022.
  51. From 1941 to 1945, no Australian Championships were held because of World War II
  52. "Nine secures rights to the 2019 Australian Open tennis from Seven". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 June 2018.
  53. "Nine secures Australian Open from 2020". TV Tonight. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  54. "How do Australian TV networks get away with non-ratings period?". News.com.au. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  55. "Eurosport wins Olympic TV rights for Europe". BBC News. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  56. "2013 Australian Open TV Schedule on ESPN". sportsmediawatch.com. 5 January 2013.
  57. "Fox Sports Asia lands Australian Open rights until 2021". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  58. "Broadcast Partners | AO". ausopen.com. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  59. "United by Play: AO 2022 by the numbers". Tennis Australia. Australian Open. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  60. "Total Australian Open Attendance: 130,374 #AusOpen". Austadiums. Twitter. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  61. "Djokovic Wins Eighth Australian Open Crown, Returns To No. 1". ATP Tour. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  62. "The big numbers from AO2019". Australian Open. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019.
  63. "Australian Open smashes attendance records". The Age. 28 January 2019. Exact figure has not yet been provided.
  64. "Australian Open Glance". USA Today. 30 January 2017.
  65. "Australian Open 2016 – By the numbers". Australian Open. 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
  66. "Australian Open 2015 – The final word from Tennis Australia". 1 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  67. "AO 2014 – The Final Word". 27 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  68. "Australian Open 2013 – The Final Word". 28 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  69. "Top 10: Memorable AO2012 moments". 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  70. "Closing notes: Australian Open 2011". 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  71. "Federer wins fourth Australian Open, 16th major singles title". 31 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  72. "Australian Open 2009 – the final word". australianopen.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009.
  73. "The Australian Open – History of Attendance" (PDF). Australian Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  74. "AO 2007: The Final Word". Tennis Australia. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  75. Australian Open Tennis Attendance History Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Altius Directory
  76. "Safin credits Lundgren for resurgence". Sports Illustrated. CNN. 30 January 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  77. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 2002–2003" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  78. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 2001–2002" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  79. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 2000–2001" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  80. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 1999–2000" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  81. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 1998–1999" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  82. "Tennis Australia Annual Report, 1997" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  83. "Tennis Australia 1996 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  84. "Tennis Australia 1995 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  85. "Tennis Australia 1994 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  86. "Tennis Australia 1993 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  87. "Tennis Australia 1992 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  88. "Tennis Australia 1991 Annual Report" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  89. "Tennis Australia Annual Report 1990" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  90. "Lawn Tennis Association of Australia Annual Report 1989" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  91. "Lawn Tennis Association of Australia Annual Report 1988" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  92. "Lawn Tennis Association of Australia Annual Report 1987" (PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.