Birmingham City F.C.

Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club based in Birmingham, England. Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance, it was renamed Small Heath in 1888, Birmingham in 1905, and Birmingham City in 1943.[7] Since 2011, the first team have competed in the EFL Championship, the second tier of English football.

This article is about the men's football club. For the women's football club, see Birmingham City W.F.C.
"Birmingham City" redirects here. For the city itself, see Birmingham.

Birmingham City F.C.
Full nameBirmingham City Football Club
Nickname(s)Blues[1][2]
Founded1875 (1875) as Small Heath Alliance
GroundSt Andrew's
Capacity29,409 (restricted to 19,000 for safety reasons)[3]
Coordinates52°28′32″N 1°52′04″W
Owner
  • Birmingham Sports Holdings 75.00%
  • Oriental Rainbow Investment 21.64%[4]
ChairmanWenqing Zhao[5]
Head coachJohn Eustace[6]
LeagueEFL Championship
2021–22EFL Championship, 20th of 24
WebsiteClub website

As Small Heath, they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division. The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s. They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955–56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final. Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals, in 1960, as the first English club side to reach a major European final, and again the following year. They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011. Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history:[8] the longest period spent outside the top division, between 1986 and 2002, included two brief spells in the third tier of English football, during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice.

St Andrew's has been their home ground since 1906. They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa, their nearest neighbours, with whom they play the Second City derby. The club's nickname is Blues, after the colour of their kit, and the fans are known as Bluenoses.

History

The early years (1875–1943)
Small Heath F.C., champions of the inaugural Football League Second Division in 1892–93

Birmingham City were founded as Small Heath Alliance in 1875, and from 1877 played their home games at Muntz Street. The club turned professional in 1885,[9] and three years later became the first football club to become a limited company with a board of directors,[10] under the name of Small Heath F.C. Ltd.[11] From the 1889–90 season they played in the Football Alliance, which ran alongside the Football League. In 1892, Small Heath, along with the other Alliance teams, were invited to join the newly formed Football League Second Division. They finished as champions, but failed to win promotion via the test match system; the following season promotion to the First Division was secured after a second-place finish and test match victory over Darwen.[12] The club adopted the name Birmingham Football Club in 1905, and moved into their new home, St Andrew's Ground, the following year.[13] Matters on the field failed to live up to their surroundings. Birmingham were relegated in 1908, obliged to apply for re-election two years later, and remained in the Second Division until after the First World War.[12]

Frank Womack's captaincy and the creativity of Scottish international playmaker Johnny Crosbie contributed much to Birmingham winning their second Division Two title in 1920–21.[14] Womack went on to make 515 appearances, a club record for an outfielder, over a twenty-year career.[15] 1920 also saw the debut of the 19-year-old Joe Bradford, who went on to score a club record 267 goals in 445 games, and won 12 caps for England.[16] In 1931, manager Leslie Knighton led the club to their first FA Cup Final, which they lost 2–1 to Second Division club West Bromwich Albion. Though Birmingham remained in the top flight for 18 seasons, they struggled in the league, with much reliance placed on England goalkeeper Harry Hibbs to make up for the lack of goals, Bradford excepted, at the other end.[17] They were finally relegated in 1939, the last full season before the Football League was abandoned for the duration of the Second World War.[18]

Birmingham City: Post-war success (1943–1965)

The name Birmingham City F.C. was adopted in 1943.[7] Under Harry Storer, appointed manager in 1945, the club won the Football League South wartime league and reached the semifinal of the first post-war FA Cup. Two years later they won their third Second Division title, conceding only 24 goals in the 42-game season.[19] Storer's successor Bob Brocklebank, though unable to stave off relegation in 1950, brought in players who made a major contribution to the club's successes of the next decade.[20] When Arthur Turner took over as manager in November 1954, he made them play closer to their potential, and a 5–1 win on the last day of the 1954–55 season confirmed them as champions.[21] In their first season back in the First Division, Birmingham achieved their highest league finish of sixth place. They also reached the FA Cup final, losing 3–1 to Manchester City in the game notable for City's goalkeeper Bert Trautmann playing the last 20 minutes with a broken bone in his neck. The following season the club lost in the FA Cup semifinal for the third time since the war, this time beaten 2–0 by Manchester United's "Busby Babes".[21]

Birmingham became the first English club side to take part in European competition when they played their first group game in the inaugural Inter-Cities Fairs Cup competition on 15 May 1956;[22][23][24] they went on to reach the semifinal where they drew 4–4 on aggregate with Barcelona, losing the replay 2–1. They were also the first English club side to reach a European final, losing 4–1 on aggregate to Barcelona in the 1960 Fairs Cup final and 4–2 to A.S. Roma the following year.[24] In the 1961 semifinal they beat Internazionale home and away;[24] no other English club won a competitive game in the San Siro until Arsenal managed it in 2003.[25] Gil Merrick's side saved their best form for cup competitions. Though opponents in the 1963 League Cup final, local rivals Aston Villa, were pre-match favourites, Birmingham raised their game and won 3–1 on aggregate to lift their first major trophy.[26] In 1965, after ten years in the top flight, they returned to the Second Division.[27]

Investment, promotion and decline (1965–1993)

Businessman Clifford Coombs took over as chairman in 1965, luring Stan Cullis out of retirement to manage the club.[28] Cullis's team played attractive football which took them to the semifinals of the League Cup in 1967 and of the FA Cup in 1968, but league football needed a different approach.[29] Successor Freddie Goodwin produced a team playing skilful, aggressive football that won promotion as well as reaching an FA Cup semifinal.[30] Two years later, the club raised money by selling Bob Latchford to Everton for a British record fee of £350,000, but without his goals the team struggled.[31][32] Sir Alf Ramsey briefly managed the club before Jim Smith took over in 1978. With relegation a certainty, the club sold Trevor Francis to Nottingham Forest, making him the first player transferred for a fee of £1 million;[33] Francis had scored 133 goals in 329 appearances over his nine years at Birmingham.[34]

Smith took Birmingham straight back to the First Division, but a poor start to the 1981–82 season saw him replaced by Ron Saunders, who had just resigned from league champions Aston Villa. Saunders' team struggled to score goals and were relegated in 1984.[35] They bounced back up, but the last home game of the 1984–85 promotion season, against Leeds United, was marred by rioting, culminating in the death of a boy when a wall collapsed on him. This was on the same day as the Bradford City stadium fire, and the events at St Andrew's formed part of the remit of Mr Justice Popplewell's inquiry into safety at sports grounds.[36] The club lacked stability both on and off the field. Saunders quit after FA Cup defeat to non-League team Altrincham, staff were laid off, the training ground was sold, and by 1989 Birmingham were in the Third Division for the first time in their history.[37]

In April 1989 the Kumar brothers, owners of a clothing chain, bought the club.[37] A rapid turnover of managers, the absence of promised investment, and a threatened mass refusal of players to renew contracts was relieved only by a victorious trip to Wembley in the Associate Members' Cup.[38] Terry Cooper delivered promotion, but the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) put the Kumars' businesses into receivership; in November 1992 BCCI's liquidator put up for sale their 84% holding in the football club.[39]

Sale and reconstruction (1992–2007)

The club continued in administration for four months, until Sport Newspapers' proprietor David Sullivan bought it for £700,000,[40] installed the then 23-year-old Karren Brady as managing director and allowed Cooper money for signings. On the last day of the season, the team avoided relegation back to the third tier,[41] but after a poor start to the 1993–94 season Cooper was replaced by Barry Fry. The change did not prevent relegation, but Fry's first full season brought promotion back to the second tier as champions, and victory over Carlisle United in the Football League Trophy via Paul Tait's golden goal completed the "lower-league Double".[42] After one more year, Fry was dismissed to make way for the return of Trevor Francis.[43]

Reinforced by players with top-level experience, including Manchester United captain Steve Bruce, Francis's team narrowly missed out on a play-off position in 1998, and three years of play-off semifinal defeats followed.[9] They reached the 2001 League Cup final against Liverpool at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium. Birmingham equalised in the last minute of normal time, but the match went to a penalty shoot-out which Liverpool won.[44] By October 2001, lack of progress had made Francis's position untenable; after a 6–0 League Cup defeat to Manchester City, he left by mutual consent.[45] Bruce's return as manager shook up a stale team; he took them from mid-table to the play-offs, and beat Norwich City on penalties in the final to secure promotion to the Premier League.[46][47]

Motivated by the inspirational Christophe Dugarry,[48] Birmingham's first top-flight season for 16 years finished in mid-table. Loan signing Mikael Forssell's 17 league goals helped Birmingham to a top-half finish in 2003–04, but when he was injured, the 2004–05 team struggled for goals. In July 2005, chairman David Gold said it was time to "start talking about being as good as anyone outside the top three or four" with "the best squad of players for 25 years".[49] Injuries, loss of form, and lack of transfer window investment saw them relegated in a season whose lowlight was a 7–0 FA Cup defeat to Liverpool.[50] Jermaine Pennant and Emile Heskey left for record fees,[51][52] many others were released,[53] but Bruce's amended recruitment strategy, combining free-transfer experience with young "hungry" players and shrewd exploitation of the loan market, brought automatic promotion at the end of a season which had included calls for his head.[54]

The Chinese years (2007–present)

In July 2007, Hong Kong-based businessman Carson Yeung bought 29.9% of shares in the club, making him the biggest single shareholder, with a view to taking full control in the future.[55] Uncertain as to his future under possible new owners, Bruce left in mid-season.[56] His successor, Scotland national team manager Alex McLeish, was unable to stave off relegation, but achieved promotion back to the Premier League at the first attempt.[57] Yeung's company completed the takeover in 2009,[58] and the team finished in ninth place, their highest for 51 years.[59] In 2011, they combined a second League Cup, defeating favourites Arsenal 2–1 with goals from Nikola Žigić and Obafemi Martins and securing qualification for the Europa League,[60] with relegation back to the second tier, after which McLeish resigned to join Aston Villa.[61]

Birmingham narrowly failed to reach the knockout rounds of the Europa League and the play-off final. With the club in financial turmoil and under a transfer embargo, manager Chris Hughton left.[62] Under Lee Clark, Birmingham twice retained their divisional status, albeit through Paul Caddis's 93rd-minute goal in the last match of 2013–14 to avoid relegation on goal difference,[63] but continued poor form saw him dismissed in October 2014.[64] Gary Rowett stabilised the team and led them to two tenth-place finishes before being controversially dismissed by new owners Trillion Trophy Asia in favour of the "pedigree" of Gianfranco Zola, who would aid the club's "strategic, long-term view" to take the club in a new direction.[65]

Two wins from 24 matches under Zola left Birmingham needing two wins from the last three games to stay up, which they achieved under the managership of Harry Redknapp.[66] Redknapp lasted another month,[67] his former assistant Steve Cotterill five months, leaving successor Garry Monk another – ultimately successful – relegation battle.[68][69] Despite budgetary restrictions and a nine-point deduction for breaches of the League's Profitability and Sustainability (P&S) rules, the team finished 17th in 2018–19; however, Monk was sacked in June after conflict with the board.[70] He was succeeded by his assistant, Pep Clotet, initially as caretaker.[71] In the 2019–20 season, a season that was suspended from March to June 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the club once again avoided relegation despite a 14-match winless run at the end of the season and the threat of a further points deduction.[72][73] Academy product Jude Bellingham was sold to Borussia Dortmund in the summer for a club-record deal reported to be worth up to £30 million,[74] after which Aitor Karanka lasted eight months as head coach before being replaced by former Birmingham player Lee Bowyer.[75] After 16 months and yet another relegation struggle, amid rumours of an imminent takeover, Bowyer was replaced by John Eustace.[76][77][6]

Colours and badge
Small Heath Alliance original kit

The Small Heath Alliance members decided among themselves that their colours would be blue; in the early days, they wore whatever blue shirt they had.[78] The first uniform kit was a dark blue shirt with a white sash and white shorts.[79] Several variations on a blue theme were tried; the one that stuck was the royal blue shirt with a white "V", adopted during the First World War and retained until the late 1920s. Though the design changed, the royal blue remained. In 1971 they adopted the "penguin" strip – royal blue with a broad white central front panel – which lasted five years.[80] Since then they have generally worn plain, nominally royal blue shirts, though the actual shade used has varied. Shorts have been either blue or white, and socks usually blue, white or a combination. White, yellow, red and black, on their own or in combination, have been the most frequently used colours for the away kit.[79][81]

There were aberrations: the 1992 kit, sponsored by Triton Showers, was made of a blue material covered with multicoloured splashes which resembled a shower curtain.[82][83] The home shirt has only once featured stripes: in 1999, the blue shirt had a front central panel in narrow blue and white stripes, a design similar to the Tesco supermarket carrier bag of the time.[81][84]

When the club changed its name from Small Heath to Birmingham in 1905 it adopted the city's coat of arms as its badge, although this was not always worn on the shirts. The 1970s "penguin" shirt carried the letters "BCFC" intertwined at the centre of the chest. The Sports Argus newspaper ran a competition in 1972 to design a new badge for the club. The winning entry, a line-drawn globe and ball, with a ribbon carrying the club's name and date of foundation, in plain blue and white,[85] was adopted by the club but not worn on playing shirts until 1976,[86] after the design was granted by the College of Arms in 1975. The design recorded at the College did not include the ribbon and was blazoned as "A football ensigned by a terrestrial globe proper". This was granted as an heraldic badge to the English Football League and was licensed to Birmingham City.[87] An experiment was made in the early 1990s with colouring in the globe and ball, but was soon abandoned.[86]

In June 2020, the club announced a four-year partnership with Nike as supplier of kits, which carry the logo of the club's principal sponsor, Irish bookmaker BoyleSports.[88] The 2022–23 home kit consists of a blue shirt with navy horizontal stripes and white trim, blue shorts and white socks, while the away kit has a red shirt with a navy graphic pattern and trim, red shorts and navy socks.[89]

The club rarely spends more than three seasons with the same kit supplier.[86] The first sponsor to have its name on the shirt was Birmingham-based brewery Ansells in 1983.[86] They withdrew in mid-1985,[90] and the shirts went unsponsored until January 1987, when Co-op Milk paid a "five-figure sum" to have its name displayed until the end of the season, which was a relief to the club not only financially; the vice-chairman claimed that as a "big club ... people expect us to have a shirt sponsor and we have been lagging behind".[91] Later sponsors included car retailer PJ Evans/Evans Halshaw (1988–1989), Mark One (1989–1992), Triton Showers (1992–1995), Auto Windscreens (1995–2001), Phones 4u (2001–2003), Flybe (2003–2007), F&C Investments (2007–2011), foreign exchange company RationalFX (2011–2012), "lifestyle and leisure" business EZE Group (2012–2013 and 2015–2016), e-cigarette company Nicolites (2013–2014), mobile payment enabler Zapaygo (2014–2015), and 888sport (2016–2019).[86][92]

Stadiums
Main articles: Muntz Street, St Andrew's, and City of Birmingham Stadium

Small Heath Alliance played their first home games on waste ground off Arthur Street, Bordesley Green. As interest grew, they moved to a fenced-off field in Ladypool Road, Sparkbrook, where admission could be charged. A year later, they moved again, to a field adjoining Muntz Street, Small Heath, near the main Coventry Road, with a capacity of about 10,000. The Muntz Street ground was adequate for 1880s friendly matches, and the capacity was gradually raised to around 30,000, but when several thousand spectators scaled walls and broke down turnstiles to get into a First Division match against Aston Villa, it became clear that it could no longer cope with the demand.[93]

Director Harry Morris identified a site for a new ground in Bordesley Green, some three-quarters of a mile (1 km) from Muntz Street towards the city centre. The site was where a brickworks once operated; the land sloped steeply down to stagnant pools, yet the stadium was constructed in under twelve months from land clearance to opening ceremony on Boxing Day 1906. Heavy snow nearly prevented the opening; volunteers had to clear pitch and terraces before the match, a goalless draw against Middlesbrough, could go ahead.[93] The ground is reputed to have been cursed by gypsies evicted from the site;[94] although gypsies are known to have camped nearby,[95] there is no contemporary evidence for their eviction by the club.

Average and peak league attendances at St Andrew's

The original capacity of St Andrew's was reported as 75,000, with 4,000 seats in the Main Stand and space for 22,000 under cover.[93] By 1938 the official capacity was 68,000, and February 1939 saw the attendance record set at the fifth round FA Cup tie against Everton, variously recorded as 66,844 or 67,341.[upper-alpha 1] On the outbreak of the Second World War, the Chief Constable ordered the ground's closure because of the danger from air raids; it was the only ground to be thus closed, and was only re-opened after the matter was raised in Parliament. It was badly damaged during the Birmingham Blitz: the Railway End and the Kop as a result of bombing, while the Main Stand burnt down when a fireman mistook petrol for water.[93]

Main Stand, St Andrew's, 2005

The replacement Main Stand used a propped cantilever roof design, which meant fewer pillars to block spectators' view of the pitch. Floodlights were installed in 1956, and officially switched on for a friendly match against Borussia Dortmund in 1957.[99] By the early 1960s a stand had been built at the Railway End to the same design as the Main Stand, roofs had been put on the Kop and Tilton Road End, and the ground capacity was down to about 55,000.[99]

Resulting from the 1986 Popplewell Report into the safety of sports grounds and the later Taylor Report, the capacity of St Andrew's was set at 28,235 for safety reasons,[36][99] but it was accepted that the stadium had to be brought up to modern all-seated standards. After the last home game of the 1993–94 season, the Kop and Tilton Road terraces were demolished – fans took home a significant proportion as souvenirs – to be replaced at the start of the new season by a 7,000-seat Tilton Road Stand, continuing round the corner into the 9,500-seat Kop which opened two months later.[93] The 8,000-seat Railway Stand followed in 1999;[100] ten years later, this was renamed the Gil Merrick Stand, in honour of the club's appearance record-holder and former manager,[101] but the Main Stand has still to be modernised. In 2019, the club website listed the stadium capacity as 29,409.[3]

In 2004 a proposal was put forward to build a "sports village" comprising a 55,000-capacity City of Birmingham Stadium, other sports and leisure facilities, and a super casino, to be jointly financed by Birmingham City Council, Birmingham City F.C. (via the proceeds of the sale of St Andrew's) and the casino group Las Vegas Sands. The feasibility of the plan depended on the government issuing a licence for a super casino, and Birmingham being chosen as the venue,[102] but this did not happen. The club have planning permission to redevelop the Main Stand,[103] but club and council continued to seek alternative sources of funding for the City of Birmingham Stadium project.[104]

In 2013, the Birmingham City Supporters' Trust's application for listing St Andrew's as an Asset of Community Value (ACV) – a building or other land whose main use "furthers the social wellbeing or social interests of the local community" and where it is realistic to believe it could do so in the future.[105] – under the Localism Act 2011 was approved by Birmingham City Council.[106] This requires any proposed sale to be notified to the Council, and provides for a six-month moratorium on that sale to allow the Trust and other community groups to submit their own bid.[106] In 2018, the club's owners agreed a three-year sponsorship deal under which the name became St Andrew's Trillion Trophy Stadium.[107]

Supporters

Birmingham fans consider their main rivals to be Aston Villa, their nearest neighbours geographically, with whom they contest the Second City derby. Lesser rivalries include fellow West Midlands clubs Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion. According to a 2003 Football Fans Census survey, Aston Villa fans thought of Birmingham City as their main rivals, though this was not always the case.[108]

Birmingham City mascot Beau Brummie

Birmingham's supporters are generally referred to as "Bluenoses" in the media and by the fans themselves; the name is also used in a derogatory manner by fans of other clubs.[108][109] A piece of public sculpture in the form of a ten-times-life-size head lying on a mound near the St Andrew's ground, Ondré Nowakowski's Sleeping Iron Giant, has been repeatedly defaced with blue paint on its nose.[110] Between 1994 and 1997, the club mascot took the form of a blue nose,[111] though it is now a dog named Beau Brummie, a play on the name Beau Brummell and Brummie, the slang word for a person from Birmingham.

A number of supporters' clubs are affiliated to the football club, both in England and abroad.[112] An action group was formed in 1991 to protest against chairman Samesh Kumar,[38] the club blamed an internet petition for the collapse of the purchase of player Lee Bowyer in 2005,[113] and antipathy towards the board provoked hostile chanting and a pitch invasion after the last match of the 2007–08 season,[114] but when the club was in financial difficulties, supporters contributed to schemes which funded the purchase of players Brian Roberts in 1984[115] and Paul Peschisolido in 1992.[38] A supporters' trust was formed under the auspices of Supporters Direct in 2012.[116]

There have been several fanzines published by supporters. Made in Brum, first issued in 2000, was the only one regularly on sale in 2013.[117] The Zulu began some years earlier and ran for at least 16 seasons.[118] The hooligan firm associated with the club, the Zulu Warriors, were unusual in that they had multi-racial membership at a time when many such firms had associations with racist or right-wing groups.[119][120]

Visiting Birmingham fans during the club's first away appearance in group stage of the UEFA Europa League in 2011

The fans' anthem,[121] an adaptation of Harry Lauder's "Keep Right On to the End of the Road",[122] was adopted during the 1956 FA Cup campaign. The Times's football correspondent described in his Cup Final preview how

the Birmingham clans swept their side along to Wembley – the first side ever to reach a final without once playing at home – on the wings of the song "Keep right on to the end of the road".[123]

Player Alex Govan is credited with popularising the song, by singing it on the coach on the way to the quarter-final[124] and when he revealed in an interview that it was his favourite.

In the build-up to the 1956 FA Cup semi-final with Sunderland I was interviewed by the press and happened to let slip that my favourite song was Harry Lauder's old music hall number "Keep Right on to the End of the Road". I thought no more about it, but when the third goal went in at Hillsborough the Blues fans all started singing it. It was the proudest moment of my life.[125]

Ownership

Small Heath F.C. became a limited company in 1888; its first share issue was to the value of £650.[126] The board was made up of local businessmen and dignitaries until 1965, when the club was sold to Clifford Coombs.[127] By the mid-1980s the club was in financial trouble. Control passed from the Coombs family to former Walsall F.C. chairman Ken Wheldon, who cut costs, made redundancies, and sold off assets, including the club's training ground. Still unable to make the club pay, Wheldon sold it to the Kumar brothers, owners of a clothing chain.[37] Debt was still increasing when matters came to a head; the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) put the Kumars' businesses into receivership. The club continued in administration for four months until Sport Newspapers' proprietor David Sullivan bought the Kumars' 84% holding for £700,000 from BCCI's liquidator in March 1993.[39][40] Birmingham City plc, of which the football club was a wholly owned subsidiary, was floated on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in 1997 with an issue of 15 million new shares,[128] raising £7.5 million of new investment.[129] It made a pre-tax profit of £4.3M in the year ending 31 August 2008.[130]

In July 2007, Hong Kong businessman Carson Yeung, via the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (SEHK)-listed company Grandtop International Holdings Limited (GIH), bought 29.9% of the plc from its directors. Although his intention to take full control of the club initially came to nothing,[131] GIH completed the purchase in October 2009 at a total cost of £81.5M, re-registered the club as a private company, and renamed the holding company Birmingham International Holdings (BIH).[132][58][133]

Trading in BIH shares was suspended in June 2011 after Yeung's arrest on charges of money-laundering.[134] Publication of financial results was repeatedly delayed,[135] which led the Football League to impose a transfer embargo,[136] and offers for the club were entertained from 2012 onwards.[137] After Yeung resigned his positions with both club and company in early 2014, share trading resumed,[138] and following his conviction,[139] efforts intensified to dispose of the club, which had to be done piecemeal in order to retain BIH's share listing.[140]

Going into 2015, the Football League made public their concerns over Yeung's attempts to impose his choice of directors on the BIHL board despite his conviction disqualifying him from exerting influence over a club.[141] Relationships became increasingly factional, as illustrated by the failure of three directors, including the club's de facto chief executive Panos Pavlakis, to gain re-election, followed the next day by their reinstatement.[142] On 17 February, the board voluntarily appointed receivers from accountants Ernst & Young to take over management of the company. Their statement stressed that no winding-up petition had been issued and the company was not in liquidation.[143][144]

In June 2015, the receivers struck deals with the previous major shareholders such that legal action against them would be dropped in return for their agreement not to obstruct any transfer of ownership to their preferred bidder, the British Virgin Islands-registered investment vehicle Trillion Trophy Asia (TTA), wholly owned by Chinese businessman Paul Suen Cho Hung, who in turn agreed that the company would not be sold on within two years. The process completed in October 2016, leaving TTA owning 50.64% of BIH's share capital, a level of ownership that required them to make an offer for the remainder.[145]

Honours
Trophy cabinet with the Carling Cup trophy

Birmingham City's honours include the following:[146]

Second Division / First Division / The Championship (level 2)

  • Champions: 1892–93, 1920–21, 1947–48, 1954–55
  • Runners-up: 1893–94, 1900–01, 1902–03, 1971–72, 1984–85, 2006–07, 2008–09
  • Play-off winners: 2001–02

Third Division / Second Division (level 3)

  • Champions: 1994–95
  • Runners-up: 1991–92

FA Cup

Football League Cup

  • Winners: 1962–63, 2010–11
  • Runners-up: 2000–01

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

  • Runners-up: 1958–60, 1960–61

Associate Members' Cup / Football League Trophy

  • Winners: 1990–91, 1994–95

Birmingham Senior Cup

  • Winners: 1905
Small Heath first entered the Birmingham Senior Cup in 1878–79 – ten years before the foundation of the Football League – and won for the first time in 1905, defeating West Bromwich Albion 7–2 in the final. Its importance declined with the increase in League fixtures, and from 1905–06 onwards, Birmingham fielded teams containing reserve-team players.[147][148]

Football League South (wartime)

  • Champions: 1945–46
Preparatory to the Football League resuming in 1946–47, the First and Second Division clubs from the last pre-war season were divided geographically between the Leagues North and South for 1945–46. Going into the last day of the season, Aston Villa were top of League South but had finished their programme two points (one win) ahead of the chasers but with a worse goal average. Charlton Athletic were second, above Birmingham by 0.002 of a goal.[149] While Charlton could only draw at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers, Birmingham won away at Luton Town, so claimed the title by 0.3 of a goal.[150][151]

Records and statistics
Chart of English Football League performance of Birmingham City F.C. since the 1892–93 season

Birmingham achieved their highest finishing position, of sixth in the top flight, in the 1955–56 First Division.[152][27] Frank Womack holds the record for Birmingham league appearances, having played 491 matches between 1908 and 1928, closely followed by Gil Merrick with 485 between 1946 and 1959. If all senior competitions are included, Merrick has 551, less closely followed by Womack's 515 which is the record for an outfield player.[153] The player who won most international caps while at the club is Maik Taylor with 58 for Northern Ireland.[154]

The goalscoring record is held by Joe Bradford, with 249 league goals, 267 altogether, scored between 1920 and 1935; no other player comes close. Walter Abbott holds the records for the most goals scored in a season, in 1898–99, with 34 league goals in the Second Division and 42 goals in total.[51]

The club's widest victory margin in the league was 12–0, a scoreline which they achieved once in the Football Alliance, against Nottingham Forest in 1899, and twice in the Second Division, against Walsall Town Swifts in 1892 and Doncaster Rovers in 1903. They have lost a league match by an eight-goal margin on eight occasions: twice in the Football Alliance and five times in the First Division, all away from home,[155] and once at home, beaten 8–0 by AFC Bournemouth in the Championship in 2014.[156] Their record FA Cup win was 10–0 against Druids in the fourth qualifying round of the 1899 competition;[157] their record FA Cup defeat was 7–0 at home to Liverpool in the 2006 quarter-final.[156]

Birmingham's home attendance record was set at the fifth-round FA Cup tie against Everton on 11 February 1939. It is variously recorded as 66,844 or 67,341.[upper-alpha 1] The highest transfer fee received for a Birmingham player is, according to the Sky Sports website, "a guaranteed £25 million up front" received in July 2020 from Borussia Dortmund for Jude Bellingham, which made him the most expensive 17-year-old in world football; the deal also included add-ons "worth 'several millions more'".[158] The highest fee paid is £6.3m for Croatian midfielder Ivan Šunjić, who joined from Dinamo Zagreb in July 2019.[159]

Players

First-team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Squad correct as of 1 September 2022.[160][161][162]

No. Pos. Player Nation
1 GK Neil Etheridge  Philippines
2 DF Maxime Colin  France
3 DF George Friend  England
4 DF Marc Roberts  England
5 DF Auston Trusty (on loan from Arsenal for the season[163])  United States
6 MF Hannibal Mejbri (on loan from Manchester United for the season[164])  Tunisia
7 MF Juninho Bacuna  Curaçao
8 FW Troy Deeney (club captain[160])  England
9 FW Scott Hogan  Republic of Ireland
10 FW Lukas Jutkiewicz  England
11 MF Jordan Graham  England
12 DF Harlee Dean  England
14 FW Jonathan Leko  England
17 MF Przemysław Płacheta (on loan from Norwich City for the season[165])  Poland
18 MF Tahith Chong  Netherlands
19 MF Jordan James  Wales
20 MF Gary Gardner  England
21 GK John Ruddy  England
23 DF Emmanuel Longelo (on loan from West Ham United for the season[166])  England
25 DF Nico Gordon  England
27 MF Jobe Bellingham  England
28 DF Dion Sanderson (on loan from Wolverhampton Wanderers for the season[167])  England
30 MF Tate Campbell  England
31 DF Krystian Bielik (on loan from Derby County for the season[168])  Poland
33 MF Finley Thorndike  England
35 MF George Hall  England
38 GK Zach Jeacock  England
40 FW Adan George  England
41 MF Remi Walker  England
42 MF Alfie Chang  England
46 MF Brandon Khela  England
47 MF Ryan Stirk  Wales
48 MF Josh Williams  England

    Out on loan

    Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.[160][162]

    No. Pos. Player Nation
    16 FW Sam Cosgrove (on loan to Plymouth Argyle for the season[169])  England
    32 DF Marcel Oakley (on loan to Arbroath until January 2023[170])  England
    43 DF Mitchell Roberts (on loan to Oldham Athletic until 1 January 2023[171])  England
    45 FW Keyendrah Simmonds (on loan to Grimsby Town until January 2023[172])  England
    — FW Josh Andrews (on loan to Doncaster Rovers until January 2023[173])  England
    — MF Ivan Šunjić (on loan to Hertha BSC for the season[174])  Croatia

    Retired numbers

    In appreciation of Jude Bellingham's contribution in a short time with the first team – the club's youngest debutant, at 16 years and 38 days, and youngest goalscorer, he completed a full season before becoming Birmingham's record transfer and the world's most expensive 17-year-old,[158] "showing what can be achieved through talent, hard work and dedication" while retaining a "caring, humble and engaging off-the-field demeanour" – the club retired his number 22 shirt "to remember one of our own and to inspire others."[175]

    Birmingham City Women
    Main article: Birmingham City W.F.C.

    Birmingham City Ladies Football Club was formed in 1968. The first team worked their way through the leagues until promoted to the FA Women's Premier League in 2002. After Birmingham City F.C. withdrew financial support in 2005, the club were only able to continue because of a personal donation. They re-affiliated with Birmingham City in 2010, were founder members of the FA WSL the following year, and won the FA Women's Cup in 2012.[176] A second-place finish in the 2012 FA WSL earned them qualification for the 2013–14 Champions League, in which they reached the semi-final. After TTA took over Birmingham City F.C. in November 2016, the women's club became an integral part of the organisation.[177] It was formally renamed Birmingham City Women in 2018, and would be known as plain Birmingham City except where that would cause confusion with the men's team.[178]

    Club officials

    Owners:

    As of 23 June 2022[4]
      • Birmingham Sports Holdings Ltd 75.00%
      • Oriental Rainbow Investment Ltd 21.64%

    Board:

    As of 2 September 2022[5]
    • Chairman: Wenqing Zhao
    • Directors: Chun Kong Yiu, Gannan Zheng, Yao Wang
    • Managing director: Ian Dutton

    Football staff:

    As of 1 August 2022
    • Technical director: Craig Gardner[5]
    • Head coach: John Eustace[6]
    • Assistant head coach: Keith Downing[179]
    • Assistant head coach: Matt Gardiner[179]
    • Goalkeeper coach: Maik Taylor[179]
    • Head of physical performance: Sean Rush[180]
    • Sports scientist: Elliott Woolmer

    Managers

    Gil Merrick was the first Birmingham manager to win a major trophy, the League Cup in 1963. Merrick also led the club to the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final in 1961, following Pat Beasley who had done the same in 1960.[181] Leslie Knighton took the club to the final of the FA Cup in 1931;[17] Arthur Turner did likewise in 1956, as well as taking charge of the club's highest league finish, sixth place in the 1955–56 First Division.[21] Birmingham reached the 2001 Football League Cup Final under Trevor Francis,[44] whose successor as permanent manager, Steve Bruce, twice achieved promotion to the Premier League.[47][54] Birmingham won the League Cup for the second time under Alex McLeish in 2011.[60] The 1966 World Cup-winning manager, Sir Alf Ramsey, took charge of the club briefly in 1977.[181]

    Notes
    1. Some sources give the record attendance as 66,844: these include the records page of Birmingham City F.C.'s website[51] and Rothmans Football Yearbook.[96] Others, including the history page of Birmingham City F.C.'s website,[9] Matthews' Encyclopedia,[97] and The Times newspaper from the Monday following the match,[98] say 67,341.

    References
    1. Rollin & Rollin (2010), p. 70.
    2. "UEFA Europa League 2011/12 Season: Match press kit: NK Maribor Birmingham City FC" (PDF). UEFA. 27 September 2011. p. 5. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
    3. "New to St. Andrew's?". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
    4. "Birmingham City PLC Shareholder Breakdown" (PDF). Birmingham City plc. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022 – via InCrowd Sports.
    5. "Board Management". Birmingham City F.C. March 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
    6. "John Eustace appointed as Blues Head Coach". Birmingham City F.C. 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
    7. Matthews (2000), p. 55. "City was added to Birmingham (to make Birmingham City Football Club) in the summer of 1943 (and not 1945 as previously thought). The official Blues home programmes for the 1943–44 season clearly show Birmingham City Football Club on the front cover."
    8. "Birmingham City". Football Facts and Figures. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
    9. "BCFC club history". Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
    10. Williams, John; Neatrour, Sam (March 2002). "Fact Sheet 10: The 'New' Football Economics" (PDF). Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research, University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
    11. Matthews (1995), p. 8.
    12. "Small Heath". Football Club History Database (FCHD). Richard Rundle. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
    13. Matthews (1995), pp. 12–13.
    14. Matthews (1995), p. 14.
    15. Matthews (1995), pp. 135–136.
    16. Matthews (1995), p. 74.
    17. Matthews (1995), pp. 15–17.
    18. "Birmingham". FCHD. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    19. Matthews (1995), pp. 22–23.
    20. Matthews (1995), p. 61.
    21. Matthews (1995), pp. 27–29.
    22. Radnedge (1998), p. 200. "In April [1955], 12 representatives from European trade fair cities from 10 countries met in Basle to lay down the rules. They decided each city should be represented by a club or a city select team, or both – as long as no more than two teams competed simultaneously from any one city."
    23. Goodyear & Matthews (1988). "At this time there seemed a general lack of ambition at Villa Park. The club were slow to install floodlights, they turned down the chance of combining with Blues to field a 'Birmingham' team for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup..."
    24. Ross, James M. (8 September 2016). "European Cups Archive". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 10 May 2017.
    25. "Arsenal routs Inter Milan". The New York Times. Reuters. 25 November 2003. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
    26. Jawad (2005), pp. 27–28. "It is a mystery how Birmingham won but they did produce perhaps their most impressive display of the season to win the first leg 3–1 ... Birmingham served up a treat of attacking football ... controlling the game with such assurance that their supporters must have wondered why the team had performed so badly in the First Division."
    27. "Birmingham City". FCHD. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    28. Holden (2000), p. 161. "He had been out of the game for less than a year when Clifford Coombs, the chairman of Birmingham City, began to make a serious approach to secure the Iron Manager. The pair were friends and St Andrew's was close enough to Wolverhampton that Cullis would not necessarily have to move house or area to take up the position."
    29. "'Taffy' Coombs... The man who rebuilt the Blues". GOAL magazine. 19 August 1972. p. 27.
    30. Matthews (1995), pp. 37–38, 63.
    31. Corbett, James (5 March 2006). "Bob Latchford". Observer Sport Monthly. London. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
    32. Matthews (1995), pp. 38–39, 209–15.
    33. "The European Cup Team 1979". Nottingham Forest F.C. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012.
    34. Matthews (1995), p. 88.
    35. Matthews (1995), pp. 42, 219.
    36. Webster, Philip (25 July 1985). "Ban on visiting fans urged in judge's football safety report". The Times. London. pp. 1, 36 – via Gale Primary Sources. The Birmingham riot in which more than 500 were injured and in which a boy of 15 died when a wall collapsed 'more resembled the battle of Agincourt than a football match.'
    37. Matthews (1995), pp. 44–46.
    38. Matthews (1995), pp. 48–49.
    39. Goodbody, John (7 November 1992). "Receivers put football club up for sale". The Times. London. p. 3 – via Gale Primary Sources.
    40. "Sullivan takes control". The Times. London. 6 March 1993. p. 40 – via Gale Primary Sources.
    41. Matthews (1995), pp. 48–52.
    42. "The highs and lows of Carlisle United". BBC Cumbria. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004.
    43. Shaw, Phil (8 May 1996). "Francis fancied as Fry is sacked". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
    44. "Worthington Cup final Clockwatch". BBC Sport. 25 February 2001. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
    45. "Francis leaves Blues". BBC Sport. 15 October 2001. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
    46. "Birmingham unveil Bruce". BBC Sport. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    47. May, John (12 May 2002). "Cool Carter in blue heaven". BBC Sport. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
    48. Haylett, Trevor (27 April 2003). "Slow-starter Dugarry makes up for lost time". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2009. Those who rubbish the notion that one player can transform a team and inspire 10 others to exciting deeds should consider the case of Christophe Dugarry. It is difficult to imagine Birmingham easing their way to safety quite so comfortably without him.
    49. Scott, Ged (7 July 2005). "Golden time to talk up Blues". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    50. Shaw, Phil (1 May 2006). "Birmingham City 0 Newcastle United 0: 'Shattered' Bruce to consider future at Birmingham". The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    51. "Birmingham City Football Club Records". Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
    52. "Wigan seal £5.5m move for Heskey". BBC Sport. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    53. "Birmingham release seven players". BBC Sport. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    54. Jawad, Hyder (2 May 2007). "Never say die". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 27 October 2013 – via NewsBank.
    55. "Yeung takes stake in Birmingham". BBC Sport. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    56. "Bruce leaves Birmingham for Wigan". BBC Sport. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
    57. "Birmingham unveil McLeish as boss". BBC Sport. 28 November 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
      McKenzie, Andrew (11 May 2008). "Birmingham 4–1 Blackburn". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
      Fletcher, Paul (3 May 2009). "Birmingham clinch top-flight spot". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
    58. "Yeung takeover rubber-stamped". Sky Sports. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    59. Roopanarine, Les (9 May 2010). "Bolton 2–1 Birmingham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
    60. "Carling Cup final: McLeish hails 'greatest achievement'". BBC Sport. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    61. "Aston Villa appoint Alex McLeish as manager". BBC Sport. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
    62. "Chris Hughton appointed as new Norwich City manager". BBC Sport. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
    63. Hart, Simon (3 May 2014). "Bolton 2 Birmingham 2 match report: Paul Caddis gets Birmingham out of jail". The Independent. London. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
    64. "Gary Rowett: Birmingham City appoint Burton boss as manager". BBC Sport. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
    65. de Menezes, Jack (14 December 2016). "Birmingham City: Gianfranco Zola confirmed as manager just hours after Gary Rowett is sacked". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
    66. James, Stuart (6 May 2017). "Fallen giants: how Nottingham Forest, Birmingham and Blackburn fell so far". The Observer. London. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
      James, Stuart (7 May 2017). "Redknapp completes Birmingham's great escape with win at Bristol City". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
    67. "Harry Redknapp: Birmingham City sack manager after poor run". BBC Sport. 16 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
    68. "Steve Cotterill: Birmingham City appoint former Bristol City boss as new manager". BBC Sport. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
    69. "Birmingham City appoint Garry Monk as manager after Steve Cotterill departs". The Observer. London. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
      "Birmingham City 3–1 Fulham". BBC Sport. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
    70. Stone, Simon (13 June 2019). "Garry Monk: Birmingham City manager remains at Blues following exit rumours". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
      "Club statement: Garry Monk". Birmingham City F.C. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
      Hughes, Matt (20 June 2019). "Monk 'sacked over agent row'". The Times. London. p. 72. Retrieved 27 January 2022 – via Gale OneFile: News.
    71. "Pep Clotet: Birmingham City appoint caretaker as new head coach". BBC Sport. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
    72. "Championship season set to restart on 20 June as coronavirus lockdown eases". BBC Sport. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    73. Dale, James (11 June 2020). "Birmingham City: EFL wins appeal but Blues avoid punishment". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    74. Pilnick, Brent (22 July 2020). "Birmingham City 1–3 Derby County". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    75. "Lee Bowyer: Birmingham City appoint new head coach after Aitor Karanka steps down". BBC Sport. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
    76. "Lee Bowyer: Birmingham City head coach sacked by Championship club". BBC Sport. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
    77. Stone, Simon (13 June 2022). "Laurence Bassini: Former Watford owner hopes to complete Birmingham City takeover". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
    78. Lewis (2000), p. 25.
    79. Matthews (2000), pp. 56–57.
    80. "Influential and Classic Football Kits". Historical Football Kits. Dave Moor. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
    81. "Birmingham City" (PNG). Classic Kits. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
    82. "Room 101 The Worst Kits Ever". Historical Football Kits. Dave Moor. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
    83. Lewis (2000), p. 31.
    84. Ball, Kev (24 January 2012). "Darren Purse speaks to Joys and Sorrows". Joys and Sorrows. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
    85. Lewis (2000), pp. 27–29.
    86. "Birmingham City". Historical Football Kits. Dave Moor. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
    87. Phillips, David Llewelyn (Spring 2015). "Badges and 'Crests': The Twentieth-Century Relationship Between Football and Heraldry" (PDF). The Coat of Arms. XI Part I (229): 40, 41, 44. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
    88. "Blues partner with Nike". Birmingham City F.C. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
      "Blues are a safe bet for BoyleSports". Birmingham City F.C. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
    89. "2022/23 Blues home kit released". Birmingham City F.C. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
      "2022/23 Blues away kit released". Birmingham City F.C. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
    90. Jones, Stuart (6 July 1985). "Death sentence passed on innocent". The Times. London. p. 23 – via Gale Primary Sources.
    91. Swain, Martin (8 January 1987). "Lotta bottle Blues!". Birmingham Evening Mail. p. 70.
    92. Lillington, Catherine (3 August 2011). "Birmingham City announce shirt sponsorship deal with RationalFX". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
      "Birmingham City FC announce major shirt sponsorship deal with EZE Group". Birmingham City F.C. 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
      Tattum, Colin (23 July 2013). "Blues reveal new away kit". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
      Walker, Andy (9 June 2014). "Official: Birmingham City announce Zapaygo as new principal partner". Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
    93. Matthews (1995), pp. 57–59.
    94. Smith, Martin (26 December 2006). "Birmingham hope curse has run course". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
    95. Marsden, Bob (March 1987). A.B.C. of Small Heath and Bordesley Green Past and Present. Small Heath Local History Society. p. 44. St. Andrew's [Church] was erected in 1846, the fifth and last to be built by the Church Building Society. It was an unsuitable site, and for many years after its building, the only dwellings nearby were huts where brickworkers lived, a few cottages, and an occasional gipsy camp.
    96. Rollin (1990), p. 81.
    97. Matthews (2000), pp. 20–21.
    98. "Fifth round official figures". The Times. London. 13 February 1939. p. 5 – via Gale Primary Sources.
    99. Matthews (2000), pp. 193–196.
    100. Sharrock, Gordon (22 February 1999). "Wanderers middle men hailed as the best". Bolton Evening News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    101. Tattum, Colin (27 April 2009). "Railway End to be named after Blues legend Gil Merrick". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
    102. Connor, Neil (26 October 2005). "Blues unveil stadium plan". Birmingham Post. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
    103. Tattum, Colin (24 December 2006). "Blues still hoping for new stadium". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
    104. Tattum, Colin (9 March 2007). "Blues revive bid for new stadium". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
    105. UK Parliament. "Localism Act 2011 Chapter 20 Section 88". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
    106. Barnfield, Stacey (2 November 2013). "Birmingham City fans succeed in getting St Andrew's awarded Asset of Community Value status". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
    107. Dick, Brian (14 June 2018). "Birmingham City sign St Andrew's naming rights deal". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
    108. "Rivalry Uncovered!" (PDF). The Football Fans Census. December 2003. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012.
    109. Kendrick, Mat (8 February 2010). "So was Craig Gardner a boyhood Villan or a Bluenose?". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
    110. "Sleeping Iron Giant". National Recording Project. Public Monuments and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
    111. Lewis (2000), pp. 167–168.
    112. "Official Blues supporters' clubs". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
    113. Lawton, James (18 June 2005). "Bowyer and Birmingham given notice that fans' loyalty to the shirt is not blind". The Independent. London. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
    114. Tattum, Colin (12 May 2008). "Thanks for the noise, Alex McLeish tells Birmingham City fans". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
      "David Gold 'hurt' by Birmingham City fans attacks". Birmingham Mail. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
    115. Matthews (1995), p. 120.
    116. "Welcome". Blues Trust. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
    117. Thomas, Dave, ed. (13 May 2000). Made in Brum.
      "About MIB". Made in Brum. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
    118. "Birmingham City Fanzines". Midlands Memorabilia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.
    119. Gall (2006).
    120. Murray, Bill (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-85928-091-1., cited in Greenfield, Steve; Osborn, Guy (1996). "After the Act? The (re)construction and regulation of football fandom". Journal of Civil Liberties. 1. ISSN 1362-3451. Retrieved 22 January 2009 – via urban75.org.
    121. "Keep Right On". Birmingham City Swedish Supporters Club. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008.
    122. Dillon, William; Lauder, Harry. "The End of the Road". A Celebration of Sir Harry Lauder "Laird of the Music Hall". Archived from the original on 25 April 2008.
    123. "Every prospect of a good final". The Times. London. 5 May 1956. p. 4 – via Gale Primary Sources.
    124. Boyden, Malcolm (6 March 1993). "Ross finds ways to turn airwaves blue". The Times. London. p. 35 – via Gale Primary Sources. Govan was the man who first sang the Blues anthem Keep Right on to the End of the Road on the way to Birmingham's 1956 FA Cup quarter-final against Arsenal. The song spread quickly among the players—and then to the fans.
    125. Lewis (2000), p. 63.
    126. Lewis (2000), p. 11.
    127. Matthews (1995), p. 35.
    128. Birmingham City plc (company flotation prospectus). Shore Capital for Birmingham City plc. February 1993. p. 1.
    129. "Karren Brady (Birmingham City Football Club)". Growing Business (17). March 2003. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
    130. "Annual Report and Financial Statements 2008" (PDF). Birmingham City plc. 13 January 2009. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
    131. "Birmingham takeover terminated". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    132. "Hong Kong bid for Birmingham City". BBC News. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
    133. Birmingham International Holdings (19 January 2010). "Change of company name, stock short name and exchange of share certificates" (PDF). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
    134. "Birmingham City owner Carson Yeung denied UK trip". BBC News. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
    135. Birmingham International Holdings (28 December 2011). "Conditions for resumption of trading of the shares of the company" (PDF). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
    136. "Birmingham City placed under transfer embargo". BBC Sport. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
    137. Tattum, Colin (26 November 2012). "Peter Pannu: 'If people don't have the money, they should just shut up'". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
    138. "Birmingham City FC parent company resumes trading". BBC News. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
    139. Li, Grace (3 March 2014). "Birmingham City boss Carson Yeung found guilty of money-laundering". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
    140. Tattum, Colin (15 May 2014). "Birmingham City takeover saga drawing to a conclusion". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
    141. Conn, David (14 January 2015). "Birmingham quizzed by Football League over Carson Yeung's influence". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
    142. Harris, Bryan (11 January 2015). "Key figures in Birmingham City's Hong Kong parent firm are sacked then reinstated". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
    143. Birmingham International Holdings (17 February 2015). "Announcement: Appointment of receivers" (PDF). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
    144. "Birmingham City FC statement". Birmingham City F.C. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
    145. "Birmingham City: Asian firm granted two-year exclusivity period". BBC Sport. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
      Dick, Brian (10 May 2016). "Birmingham International Holdings receivers clear final major hurdle and near end to Carson Yeung era at Birmingham City". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
      Dick, Brian (7 June 2016). "Birmingham City takeover analysis: Who is Paul Suen Cho Hung? What are his intentions for Blues?". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
      "Birmingham International Holdings Limited (BIHL) has resumed trading". Birmingham City F.C. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
    146. "Birmingham City FC Club Honours". Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
      "Honours". The Birmingham City FC Archive. Tony Jordan. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005.
    147. "Birmingham Senior Cup". The Birmingham City FC Archive. Tony Jordan. Archived from the original on 14 May 2005.
    148. Matthews (2000), pp. 30–31.
    149. "Last game to decide". Daily Mirror. London. 2 May 1946. p. 4.
    150. "Brum just there". Sunday Post. Glasgow. 5 May 1946. p. 11.
    151. Rollin (2005), p. 247.
    152. "Team records". The Birmingham City FC Archive. Tony Jordan. Archived from the original on 13 July 2003.
    153. Matthews (2000), pp. 12–15.
    154. Includes caps won while on loan from Fulham. Dewart, Jonny (ed.). "Maik Taylor". NIFG. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
    155. "Record Results". The Birmingham City FC Archive. Tony Jordan. Archived from the original on 11 March 2005.
    156. "Birmingham City: Records". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
    157. Matthews (2000), p. 240.
    158. "Jude Bellingham signs for Borussia Dortmund from Birmingham". Sky Sports. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
    159. "Ivan Sunjic: Birmingham City sign Dinamo Zagreb midfielder on five-year deal". BBC Sport. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
      Dick, Brian (19 November 2019). "Zigic, Jota, Sunjic – Birmingham City's record transfer deals rated as January window approaches". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
    160. Sources for squad numbers: "Blues confirm 2022/23 squad numbers". Birmingham City F.C. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
    161. "Teams: Mens: Squad list". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
    162. Sources for representative nationality: "Birmingham City: Players from A–Z". worldfootball.net. HeimSpiel Medien. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
    163. "Auston Trusty joins Blues!". Birmingham City F.C. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    164. "Blues sign Hannibal Mejbri on loan!". Birmingham City F.C. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
    165. "Blues sign Przemyslaw Placheta on loan". Birmingham City F.C. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
    166. "Emmanuel Longelo joins Blues on loan!". Birmingham City F.C. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
    167. "Dion Sanderson: Birmingham City re-sign Wolves defender on season-long loan". BBC Sport. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
    168. "Krystian Bielik returns to Blues!". Birmingham City F.C. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    169. "Sam Cosgrove signs". Plymouth Argyle F.C. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
    170. "Blues' Marcel Oakley joins Arbroath on loan". Birmingham City F.C. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
    171. "Sheridan signs defender Roberts". Oldham Athletic A.F.C. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
    172. "Blues' Keyendrah Simmonds joins Grimsby Town on loan". Birmingham City F.C. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
    173. "Rovers sign Birmingham striker Josh Andrews on loan". Doncaster Rovers F.C. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
    174. "Ivan Sunjic joins Hertha Berlin on loan". Birmingham City F.C. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
    175. "Bellingham expresses his gratitude". Birmingham City F.C. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
    176. Dhaliwal, Jaskirt (10 October 2005). "Birmingham City Ladies Football Club history". BBC Birmingham. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
      Leighton, Tony (8 November 2009). "New Birmingham City owners pledge to support women's team". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
      Leighton, Tony (26 May 2012). "FA Women's Cup: Birmingham beat Chelsea on penalties in final". BBC Sport. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
    177. "Women's History". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    178. "Ladies to be renamed Birmingham City Women". Birmingham City F.C. 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    179. Dick, Brian (4 July 2022). "Confirmed: John Eustace names his Birmingham City back-room staff". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
    180. "Sean Rush returns to Blues". Birmingham City F.C. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    181. Matthews (1995), pp. 62–63.

    Sources
    • Gall, Caroline (2006). Zulus: Black, White and Blue: the Story of the Zulu Warriors Football Firm. Milo Books. ISBN 978-1-903854-53-2.
    • Goodyear, David; Matthews, Tony (1988). Aston Villa A Complete Record 1875–1988. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 0-907969-37-2.
    • Holden, Jim (2000). Stan Cullis: The Iron Manager. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 1-85983-211-3.
    • Jawad, Hyder (2005). Strange Magic. Birmingham City v Aston Villa. Birmingham Post.
    • Lewis, Peter, ed. (2000). Keeping right on since 1875. The Official History of Birmingham City Football Club. Lytham: Arrow. ISBN 1-900722-12-7.
    • Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9.
    • Matthews, Tony (October 2000). The Encyclopedia of Birmingham City Football Club 1875–2000. Cradley Heath: Britespot. ISBN 978-0-9539288-0-4.
    • Radnedge, Keir (1998). "Inter-Cities Fairs/UEFA Cup". The Complete Encyclopedia of Football. Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-85833-979-5.
    • Rollin, Jack, ed. (1990). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1990–91. London: Queen Anne Press. ISBN 0-356-17911-7.
    • Rollin, Jack (2005). Soccer at War 1939–45. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1431-7.
    • Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2010). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2010–2011 (41st ed.). London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-6107-6.
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birmingham City F.C..
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.