Music of the United Kingdom

Throughout the history of the British Isles, the United Kingdom has been a major music producer, drawing inspiration from Church Music.

Music of United Kingdom
General topics
  • Early popular music
  • 1950s
  • 1960s
  • 1970s
  • 1980s
  • 1990s
  • 2000s and 2010s
Genres
  • Afrobeats
  • Afroswing
  • Drill
  • Folk
    • England
    • Scotland
    • Wales
  • Grime
  • Hip Hop
  • Jazz
  • Jungle
  • Pop
  • Popular
  • Rock
  • Soul
  • Trance
  • UK garage
Specific forms
Ethnic music
  • Caribbean
  • England
  • Ireland
  • Scotland
  • Wales
Traditional music
Media and performance
Music awards
  • BBC Music Awards
  • BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
  • Brit Awards
  • Classic Brit Awards
  • Global Awards
  • Gramophone Classical Music Awards
  • Ivor Novello Awards
  • Kerrang! Awards
  • Mercury Prize
  • MOBO Awards
Music charts
  • Albums chart
  • Classical charts
  • Compilation chart
  • Dance chart
  • Download chart
  • Indie chart
  • R&B chart
  • Rock chart
  • Singles chart
  • Subscription plays chart
Music media
  • fRoots
  • The Gramophone
  • Kerrang!
  • Melody Maker
  • Mojo
  • NME
  • Q
  • The Wire
Media in the United Kingdom
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem
"God Save the King"
Regional music
Local forms
Related areas
Part of a series on the
Culture of the United Kingdom
History
People
Historic peoples

Modern ethnicities

  • British identity
  • White British
  • Asian British
  • Black British
  • British Jews
  • British Arabs
  • British Mixed
  • Gypsy or Irish Traveller
Languages
Mythology and Folklore
  • England
  • Scotland
  • Wales
  • Ireland & Northern Ireland
Cuisine
  • English
  • Scottish
  • Welsh
  • Cornish
  • Northern Irish
  • Anglo-Indian and South Asian
Festivals
Religion
  • Christianity
  • No religion
  • Islam
  • Hinduism
  • Judaism
  • Buddhism
  • Modern Paganism
Art
  • English art
  • Scottish art
  • Welsh art
  • Irish art
Literature
  • English
  • Scottish
  • Northern Irish
  • Welsh-language
  • Other languages
Music
Media
  • Radio
  • Television
  • Cinema
Sport
  • Football in England
  • Football in Scotland
  • Football in Wales
  • Football in Northern Ireland
  • Cricket in England
  • Cricket in Ireland
  • Cricket in Scotland
  • Cricket in Wales
  • Rugby union
  • Rugby league
  • Ice hockey
  • Gaelic games
Monuments
Symbols
  •  United Kingdom portal
A Promenade concert at the Royal Albert Hall in 2004

Traditional folk music, using instruments of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. Each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms, which flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of popular music, including music hall and brass bands. Many British musicians have influenced modern music on a global scale, and the UK has one of the world's largest music industries. English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh folk music as well as other British styles of music directly influenced American music such as American folk music,[1] American march music,[2] old-time music,[3] ragtime,[4] blues,[5] country music,[6] and bluegrass.[7] The UK has birthed many popular music genres such as beat music, power pop, psychedelic music, progressive rock and progressive pop, heavy metal, new wave, and electropop to name a few.

In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States, including blues, jazz, and rock and roll, were adopted in the United Kingdom. The "British Invasion"—spearheaded by Liverpool band the Beatles, often regarded as the most influential band of all time[8]—saw British rock bands become highly influential around the world in the 1960s and 1970s. Pop music, a term which originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for "rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced",[9] was developed by British artists like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones,[10] whom among other British musicians led rock and roll's transition into rock music.

Background and classical music
English Miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose

Music in the British Isles, from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque and the rise of recognisably modern classical music, was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the elite.[11] Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales retained unique forms of music and of instrumentation, but British music was highly influenced by continental developments, while British composers made an important contribution to many of the major movements in early music in Europe, including the polyphony of the Ars Nova and laid some of the foundations of later national and international classical music.[12] Musicians from the British Isles also developed some distinctive forms of music, including Celtic chant, the Contenance Angloise, the rota, polyphonic votive antiphons and the carol in the medieval era.

Church music and religious music were profoundly affected by the Protestant Reformation which affected Britain from the 16th century, which curtailed events associated with British music and forced the development of distinctive national music, worship and belief. English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period of the later seventeenth century.[13] In contrast, court music of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, although having unique elements remained much more integrated into wider European culture.

The Baroque era in music, between the early music of the Medieval and Renaissance periods and the development of fully fledged and formalised orchestral classical music in the second half of the eighteenth century, was characterised by more elaborate musical ornamentation, changes in musical notation, new instrumental playing techniques and the rise of new genres such as opera. Although the term Baroque is conventionally used for European music from about 1600, its full effects were not felt in Britain until after 1660, delayed by native trends and developments in music, religious and cultural differences from many European countries and the disruption to court music caused by the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum.[14] Under the restored Stuart monarchy the court became once again a centre of musical patronage, but royal interest in music tended to be less significant as the seventeenth century progressed, to be revived again under the House of Hanover.[15]

Sir Edward Elgar

British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it developed into modern classical music. The Baroque era in British music can be seen as one of an interaction of national and international trends, sometimes absorbing continental fashions and practices and sometimes attempting, as in the creation of ballad opera, to produce an indigenous tradition.[16] However, arguably the most significant British composer of the era, George Frideric Handel, was a naturalised German, who helped integrate British and continental music and define the future of the classical music of the United Kingdom that would be officially formed in 1801.[17]

Musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited European classical traditions of the eighteenth century (above all, in Britain, from the example of Handel) and saw a great expansion during the nineteenth century.[18] Romantic nationalism encouraged clear national identities and sensibilities within the countries of the United Kingdom towards the end of the nineteenth century, producing many composers and musicians of note and drawing on the folk tradition.[19] These traditions, including the cultural strands drawn from the United Kingdom's constituent nations and provinces, continued to evolve in distinctive ways through the work of such composers as Arthur Sullivan, Gustav Holst, Edward Elgar, Hubert Parry, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten,[20] Michael Tippett, Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle. Notable living British classical composers include Michael Nyman, James MacMillan, Jeremy Peyton Jones, Gavin Bryars, Andrew Poppy, Judith Weir, Sally Beamish and Anna Meredith.

Timeline of British classical music, and its preceding forms
World War IIWorld War ICrimean WarReform Act 1832Battle of TrafalgarAct of Union 1800Act of Union 1707English Civil WarUnion of CrownsBenjamin BrittenRalph Vaughan WilliamsEdward ElgarArthur SullivanWilliam Sterndale BennettGeorge Frideric HandelHenry PurcellWilliam ByrdHenry VIII of England

Folk music

Each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms. Folk music flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of popular music, including music hall and brass bands. Realisation of this led to three folk revivals, one in the late-19th century, one in the mid-20th century and one at the start of the 21st century which keeps folk music as an important sub-culture within society.[21]

English folk music

England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the medieval period and including many forms of music, song and dance. Through three periods of revival from the late nineteenth century much of the tradition has been preserved and continues to be practiced.[21] It led to the creation of a number of fusions with other forms of music that produced subgenres such as British folk rock, folk punk and folk metal and continues to thrive nationally and in regional scenes, particularly in areas such as Northumbria and Cornwall.[22]

Northern Irish folk music
Main article: Folk music of Ireland

Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions. The popularity of traditional instruments such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out. Perhaps the most famous modern musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van Morrison.

Scottish folk music
Scottish traditional group The Tannahill Weavers

Scottish folk music includes many kinds of songs, including ballads and laments, sung by a single singer with accompaniment by bagpipes, fiddles or harps. Traditional dances include waltzes, reels, strathspeys and jigs. Alongside the other areas of the United Kingdom, Scotland underwent a roots revival in the 1960s. Cathy-Ann McPhee and Jeannie Robertson were the heroes of this revival, which inspired some revolutions in band formats by groups like The Clutha, The Whistlebinkies, The Boys of the Lough and the Incredible String Band.

Welsh folk music

Wales is a Celtic country that features folk music played at twmpathau (communal dances) and gwyl werin (music festivals). Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp. Having long been subordinate to English culture, Welsh musicians in the late 20th century had to reconstruct traditional music when a roots revival began. This revival began in the late 1970s and achieved some mainstream success in the UK in the 1980s with performers like Robin Huw Bowen, Moniars and Gwerinos.

In the sense of commercial music enjoyed by the people, British popular music can be seen to originate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the arrival of the broadside ballad, which were sold cheaply and in great numbers until the nineteenth century.[23] Further technological, economic and social changes led to new forms of music in the 20th century, including the brass band, which produced a popular and communal form of classical music.[24] Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to produce popular songs and acts.[25] In the 1930s, the influence of American Jazz led to the creation of British dance bands, who provided a social and popular music that began to dominate social occasions and the radio airwaves.[26]

Pioneering and developments

Britain has influenced popular music disproportionately to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the United States and many of its former colonies like Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and its capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music.[27] Forms of popular music, including folk music, jazz, rapping/hip hop, pop and rock music, have particularly flourished in Britain since the twentieth century.

In the early-20th century, influences from the United States became most dominant in popular music, with young performers producing their own versions of American music, including rock n' roll from the late 1950s and developing a parallel music scene. During the early 1960s, the British Invasion, led by the Beatles, further entrenched British performers as major drivers of the development of pop and rock music. According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced".[9] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA [a Swedish act], etc."[10] Since then, rock music and popular music contributed to a British-American collaboration, with trans-Atlantic genres being exchanged and exported to one another, where they tended to be adapted and turned into new movements.

David Bowie was dubbed the "Greatest Rock Star Ever" in Rolling Stone .[28]

Britain's most significant contribution to popular music during the 20th century was towards the expansion of rock music. Progressive rock was predicated on the "progressive" pop groups from the 1960s who combined rock and roll with various other music styles such as Indian ragas, oriental melodies and Gregorian chants, like the Beatles and the Yardbirds.[29] According to AllMusic, the emergence of psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s resulted from British bands who made up the British Invasion of the US market.[30] Many of the top British bands during the 1960s experienced art school during their youth,[31] and espoused an approach based on art and originality—which came to create art rock.[32] As a diverging act to the popular pop rock of the early 1960s, the Rolling Stones pioneered the gritty, heavier-driven sound that came to define hard rock.[33] Heavy metal was created by British musicians, including acts like Black Sabbath and Deep Purple.[34] Glam rock, which was developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s, was performed by musicians who wore outrageous costumes, makeup, and hairstyles, particularly platform shoes and glitter—this is widely associated with David Bowie.[35] Rolling Stone argued that the Sex Pistols, a prominent punk rock band, came to spark and personify one of the few truly critical moments in pop culture—the rise of punk during the 1970s.[36] Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, when many bands began disassociating themselves from punk.[37] Gothic rock emerged from post-punk in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by bands including Siouxsie and the Banshees,[38] Joy Division,[39][38][40] Bauhaus,[39] and the Cure.[38] Other subgenres of rock invented by or radically changed by British acts include blues rock, ska, British folk rock, folk punk, shoegaze, and Britpop.

Post-rock era

In addition to advancing the scope of rock music, British acts developed avant-funk and neo soul and created acid jazz. Whilst disco is an American form of music, British pop group Bee Gees were the most prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to-late 1970s, and came be to known as the "Kings of Disco" by media outlets.[41] The Second British Invasion, which derived from the British Invasion of the US in the 1960s, consisted of music acts from the United Kingdom that became popular in the United States during the early-to-mid 1980s primarily due to the cable music channel MTV.[42] These synthpop and new wave associated acts often featured on the American pop charts, and according to Rolling Stone, brought "revolution in sound and style". New Pop became an umbrella term used by the music industry to describe young, mostly British, androgynous, and technologically oriented artists such as Culture Club and Eurythmics.[43] Additionally, Boy George of Culture Club was a leading figure in the new romantic movement which became a major part in the Second British Invasion of the US. British rock bands, most notably Def Leppard and Iron Maiden,[44] also became part of the renewed popularity of British music.[45] Newsweek magazine ran an issue which featured Scottish singer Annie Lennox of Eurythmics and Boy George on the cover of its issue with the caption Britain Rocks America – Again, while Rolling Stone would release an "England Swings: Great Britain invades America's music and style. Again." issue in November 1983.[43] Pop-star George Michael was one of the most popular acts of the MTV Generation, cementing this position with his hugely successful Faith album in 1987.[46]

Ed Sheeran's ÷ Tour became the highest-grossing of all time in August 2019.

During most of the 1990s, Cool Britannia—a period of increased pride in the culture of the United Kingdom, inspired by the 1960s Swinging Sixties—was coined due to the success of the girl band Spice Girls and Britpop acts Blur and Oasis, which led to a renewed feeling of optimism in the United Kingdom following the pessimistic tone of the 1970s and 1980s.[47] The electronic subgenres trip hop, dubstep, and industrial originated in Britain during the 1990s.[48][49][50] During the 21st century, blue-eyed soul came to be dominated by British singers, including Amy Winehouse, Duffy and most notably Adele, who has broken several sales and chart records.[51] Adele has won more Grammy Awards than any other woman who was born outside the US.[52] This wave of popular British soul singers led to a consideration of whether a third British Invasion was taking place—this time a soul invasion—(in contrast to the 1960s rock and pop, and 1980s new wave and synthpop invasions). English singer Ed Sheeran was the foremost folk-orientated artist of the 2010s; the Official Charts Company named him artist of the decade, with the most combined success in the UK album and singles charts in the 2010s.[53] Globally, Spotify named Sheeran the second most streamed artist of the decade.[53] London formed English-Irish pop boy band One Direction were one of the biggest teen idols of the 2010s. Little Mix, a pop girl group and the winner of the eight series of the British version of The X Factor, established themselves as the UK's biggest girl group and one of the best-selling girl groups in the world. [54] [55]

Immigration musical impact

Highlighting the influence of immigrants in the United Kingdom during the 21st century, British African-Caribbean people created grime, Afrobeats, and afroswing. Grime has been described as the "most significant musical development within the UK for decades."[56] In addition, British Asians have popularised Bhangra within the South Asian diaspora.

See also

Notes
  1. Winick, Stephen D. (2012-10-04), "American Folklife Center", Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2022-08-21
  2. "Music and the Revolution | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  3. "Old-time music". Last.fm. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  4. Roach, Hildred (2013-03-15), "Joplin, Scott", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2022-08-21
  5. "blues | Definition, Artists, History, Characteristics, Types, Songs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  6. "TSHA | Country Music". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  7. "History of Bluegrass Music |". bluegrassheritage.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  8. Ira A. Robbins. "Encyclopædia Britannica Article". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  9. R. Middleton, et al., "Pop", Grove music online, retrieved 14 March 2010. (subscription required) Archived 13 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  10. "Pop", The Oxford Dictionary of Music, retrieved 9 March 2010.(subscription required) Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  11. R. McKitterick, C. T. Allmand, T. Reuter, D. Abulafia, P. Fouracre, J. Simon, C. Riley-Smith, M. Jones, eds, The New Cambridge Medieval History: C. 1415- C. 1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 319.
  12. W. Lovelock, A Concise History of Music (Frederick Ungar, 1953), p. 57.
  13. R. H. Fritze and W. Baxter Robison, Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272-1485 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 363; G. H. Cowling, Music on the Shakespearian Stage (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 6.
  14. J. P. Wainright, 'England ii, 1603-1642' in J. Haar, ed., European Music, 1520-1640 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006), pp. 509-21.
  15. T. Carter and J. Butt, The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 280, 300, 433 and 541.
  16. M. Lubbock, The Complete Book of Light Opera (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962) pp. 467-8.
  17. E. Arweck and W. J. F. Keenan, Materializing Religion: Expression, Performance and Ritual (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), p. 167.
  18. D. Gordon and P. Gordon, Musical Visitors to Britain (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), ISBN 0-7130-0238-7, p. 62.
  19. B. Sweers, Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-19-515878-4, p. 47.
  20. W. Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music Series I: Diaries (Harvard University Press, 2nd edn., 1969), ISBN 0-674-37501-7, p. 292.
  21. G. Boyes, The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology, and the English Folk Revival (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), ISBN 0-7190-2914-7.
  22. B. Sweers, Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-19-515878-4.
  23. B. Capp, ‘Popular literature’, in B. Reay, ed., Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (Routledge, 1985), p. 199.
  24. T. Herbert, The British Brass Band: a Musical and Social History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 4-5.
  25. Diana Howard London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950 (1970).
  26. C. Parsonage, The evolution of jazz in Britain, 1880-1935 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005), pp. 197-200.
  27. P. Childs, M. Storry, Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture (London: Taylor & Francis, 1999), p. 412.
  28. Sheffield, Rob (2016-01-11). "Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  29. Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 78.
  30. "Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  31. MacDonald 1998, p. xiv.
  32. Lindberg et al. 2005, pp. 104–06.
  33. "The Rolling Stones | Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  34. Tom Larson (2004). History of Rock and Roll. Kendall/Hunt Pub. pp. 183–187. ISBN 978-0-7872-9969-9. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  35. "Glam Rock". Encarta. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  36. "The Sex Pistols". RollingStone.com. 2001. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  37. Joynson, Vernon (2001). Up Yours! A Guide to UK Punk, New Wave & Early Post Punk. Wolverhampton: Borderline Publications. p. 11. ISBN 1-899855-13-0.
  38. "NME Originals: Goth". NME. 2004. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  39. Abebe, Nitsuh (24 January 2007). "Various Artists: A Life Less Lived: The Gothic Box". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  40. Rambali, Paul (July 1983). "A Rare Glimpse into a Private World". The Face. Curtis' death wrapped an already mysterious group in legend. From the press eulogies, you would think Curtis had gone to join Chatterton, Rimbaud and Morrison in the hallowed hall of premature harvests. To a group with several strong gothic characteristics was added a further piece of romance. The rock press had lost its great white hope, but they had lost a friend. It must have made bitter reading.
  41. "Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". Theaustralian.com.au. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  42. "MTV launches the 'second British invasion'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  43. Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984, pp. 340, 342–3.
  44. "Band Bio". ironmaiden.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  45. "Culture Club, Police, Duran Duran lead Second Invasion Scripps-Howard News Service printed by The Pittsburgh Press October 31, 1984". Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  46. "Keeping the 'Faith': Six Writers Remember the Six Classic Hit Singles From George Michael's 30-Year-Old Debut". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  47. Stryker McGuire (2009-03-29). "This time I've come to bury Cool Britannia". The Observer. Archived from the original on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  48. Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). British Soul. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  49. AllMusic - Dubstep Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"
  50. "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol". npr.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  51. D, while her sophomore album '21' sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, bringing soul music to mainstream American audiences. Jeffries, "Adele: biography" Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, Allmusic, retrieved 20 July 2012.
  52. Grein, Paul (26 November 2019). "Beyoncé, Taylor Swift & Lady Gaga Could All Move Up List of Female Artists With the Most Grammys". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  53. "Ed Sheeran named 'artist of the decade'". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  54. "Little Mix: Everything you need to know about the UK's biggest girl group ". Heat World. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  55. "Little Mix are ready to own their status as the biggest girl band in the world". Gay Times UK. 4 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  56. "Academic study finds grime as 'disruptive and powerful' as punk". BBC News. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

References
  • Mthembu-Salter, Gregory and Peter Dalton. "Lovers and Poets -- Babylon Sounds". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 457–462. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
  • Ritu, DJ. "One Way Ticket to British Asia". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 83–90. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
  • Liudmila Kovnatskaya. English music in the 20th century. Sources and periods of development. Moscow: Sovietsky Kompozitor, 1986. 216 pp.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.